About the DPD
Conditions of Use
Genome Archive
Patent Coding Form
Resources
Search Algorithm
Home >> Resources >> Bibliography for GENE WARS
 |
THE GENE WARS: Science, Politics, and the Human Genome by Robert Cook-Deegan 1994 / ISBN 0-393-03572-7 / 416 pages |
 |
Bibliography for GENE WARS
447 US 303 (1980).(CAHBI), A. H. C. o. E. o. B. (1991). Draft Recommendation on Genetic Testing and Screening for Health Care Purposes and Draft Explanatory Memorandum, Council of Europe.
(CAHBI), A. H. C. o. E. o. B. (1991). Draft Recommendation on the Use of Analysis of deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) within the Framework of the Criminal Justice System and Draft Explanatory Memorandum, Council of Europe.
[Interviews with Botstein (Genentech) and Davis (Stanford University) January 1987, a. B. G., August 1988].
Academia Europaea (1991). Research on the Human Genome in Europe and Its Relation to Activities Elsewhere in the World, Academia Europaea.
Ackerman, S. (1988). "Taking on the Human Genome." Am. Sci. 76(January-February): 17-18.
ADA regs (1991). The ELSI workging group urged EEOC to circumscribe health inquiries to only those questions that would elicit information about conditions that would affect job performance. The proposed regulations indicated that employers could obtain the full medical record, but could only use information that was job-related to reject a job applicant. This shifted power to the employer and took power away from the prospective employee. To assert discrimination, an individual would have to prove that the reason he or she was rejected was not job related, but the job applicant would have supplied vast amounts of information with little knowledge of how it was used by the employer. If, however, the employer never had medical information beyond that relevant to job performance in the first place, then arbitrary decisions could not be masked. This would increase the effort necessary on the part of employers to define what job-related questions to ask, and on those responding to employer requests, as they would have to filter the medical record rather than ship it out whole. It implied a major change in standard practice, but one in harmony with the ADA statute.
Adams, M. B., Ed. (1990). The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia. New York, Oxford University Press.
Adams, M. D., M. Dubnick, et al. (1992). "Sequence Identification of 2,375 Human Brain Genes." Nature 355(12 February): 632-634.
Adams, M. D., J. M. Kelley, et al. (1991). "Complementary DNA Sequencing: Expressed Sequence Tags and Human Genome Project." Science 252(21 June): 1651-1656.
additional witnesses Two additional witnesses gave excellent testimony, but the action centered on exchanges between Rep. Wise, Bernadine Healy, and James Watson. W. French Anderson also came from NIH; Philip Reilly, director of the Shriver Center for Mental Retardation in Waltham, MA, spoke about activity in the States, concerns of the American Society for Human Genetics, and general principles to be considered in possible legislation. He also noted the likelihood of large databases generated from DNA typing in the criminal justice system. Paul Billings, from the California Pacific Medical Center, gave general background on genetic discrimination and sketched out a few specific cases for the committee.
Adler, R. (1992). Adler quoted the 1988 OTA report that stated “genome projects raise no new questions of patent or copyright law” and went on to speculate that “contributing to this lack of foresight may have been an urgency to start the genome program." As author of the offending OTA sentence, I admit to embarrassment about such a bold and misleading oversimplification in the summary chapter. The unfortunate result was to distract from a subsequent chapter on technology transfer in the 1988 report that considered the issues in considerably more depth. The lack of foresight was not quite as bad as alleged. OTA urged early filing of patent applications. Failure to do so could “inhibit full exploitation of an invention” and invited “foreign exploitation of research funded at US taxpayers’ expense… Penicillin was discovered in England, but the patent was obtained by US corporations … the United Kingdom claimed the Nobel Prize, but the United States reaped most of the economic benefits.” OTA also noted “there is a gray area between invention of new methods and the data that result from using them,” but did not predict how DNA sequences themselves, of the sort at issue in the NIH patent application, would become the subject of patent controversy. Like scientists, public policy analysts can be humbled by the march of events.
Adler, R. (1992). Interview, Office of Technology Transfer, National Institutes of Health.
Adler, R. and R. Eisenberg (1992). Adler pointed to how sequences might be used to identify a tissue of origin. Rebecca Eisenberg noted the NIH application listed uses for forensic identification or as genetic markers. Just as the use of DNA markers for identification were useful only if population frequencies were known, all these uses would also require a great deal more to be known about the population distribution of the sequences, or how different tissues expressed them. Since Venter’s laboratory was identifying the genes for the first time, or they would not be novel, such information was by definition unavailable without further work. An added problem was that coming from protein-coding regions, their use for forensic typing would make these precisely the regions most likely to later prove related to a genetic disorder, making them poor candidates for general use because of the ethical problems this would raise. This does not, however, count against the contention that the sequences might someday be useful for something.
Adler, R. G. (1992). "Genome Research: Fulfilling the Public's Expectations for Knowledge and Commercialization." Science 257(14 August): 908-914.
Advisory Committee on the Human Genome (1992). A Genome Program in Canada, Summary sheet of the committee's recommendations prepared for the Canadian Cabinet by Charles Scriver.
Advisory Committee to the Director (1988). Human Fetal Tissue Transplantation Research, National Institutes of Health.
Ager, S. (1989). "Geri's Gamble." Washington Post Health(13 June): 12-18.
Alberts, B. (1988). Interview, University of California at San Francisco.
Alberts, B. (1990). Interview, University of California at San Francisco.
Alberts, B. and J. Burris (1991). Joint interview, National Academy of Sciences.
Alberts, B. M. (1985). "Limits to Growth: In Biology, Small Science is Good Science." Cell 41: 337-338.
Aldhous, P. (1990). "Imperial's Wellcome Support." Nature 344(1 March): 5.
Aldhous, P. (1991). "Closing a Loophole in Discrimination Rules." Nature 351(27 June): 684.
Aldhous, P. (1991). "HUGO Flirting with Johns Hopkins." Nature 352(4 July): 3.
Aldhous, P. (1991). "Who Needs a Genome Ethics Treaty?" Nature 351(13 June): 507.
Aldhous, P. (1992). "Britain Plans Large-Scale Sequencing Center." Science 256(15 May): 958.
Aldhous, P. (1993). "Geneticists Attack NRC Report as Scientifically Flawed." Science 259(5 February): 755-756.
Aldous, P. (1992). "The Promise and Pitfalls of Molecular Genetics." Science 257(10 July): 164-165.
Aldous, P. and C. Anderson (1992). "Reforms Win Praise, but Not Patrons." Nature 356(19 March): 187.
Allende, J. (1988). Background on the Human Genome Project, Red Latinoamericana de Ciencias Biologicas.
Allende, J. E. (1991). "A View from the South." FASEB Journal 5(January): 6-7.
Alwen, J. (1990). "United Kingdom Genome Mapping Project: Background, Development, Components, Coordination and Management, and International Links of the Project." Genomics 6(January): 386-388.
American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (1987). Council Policy Statement on Mapping and Sequencing the Human Genome.
Anderson, A. (1990). "Japanese Papers Top Charts." Nature 343(18 January): 199.
Anderson, A. (1992). "Yeast Genome Project: 300,000 and Counting." Science 256(24 April): 462.
Anderson, C. (1991). "US Patent Application Stirs Up Gene Hunters." Nature 353(10 October): 485-486.
Anderson, C. (1992). "Courts Reject DNA Fingerprinting, Citing Controversy After NAS Report." Nature 359(1 October): 349.
Anderson, C. (1992). "Gene Wars Escalate as US Official Battles NIH Over Pursuit of a Patent." Nature 359(8 October): 467.
Anderson, C. (1992). "New French Genome Centre Aims to Prove That Bigger Really Is Better." Nature 357(18 June): 526-527.
Anderson, C. (1992). "NIH cDNA Patent Rejected; Backers Want to Amend Law." Nature 359(24 September): 263.
Anderson, C. (1992). "NIH Defends Gene Patents as Filing Deadline Approaches." Nature 357(28 May): 270.
Anderson, C. (1992). "US Genome Head Faces Charges of Conflict." Nature 356(9 April): 463.
Anderson, C. (1992). "US to Seek Gene Patents in Europe." Nature 357(18 June): 525.
Anderson, C. (1992). "Watson Resigns, Genome Project Open to Change." Nature 356(16 April): 549.
Anderson, C. (1993). "Genome Project Goes Commercial." Science 259(15 January): 300-302.
Anderson, C. and P. Aldhous (1992). "Genome Project Faces Commercialization Test." Nature 355(6 February): 483-484.
Anderson, C. and D. Swinbanks (1992). "US Prepares to Adopt World Patent Standards." Nature 356(23 April): 645-646.
Anderson, G. C. (1990). "Creation of Linkage Map Falters, Posing Delay for Genome Project." The Scientist 4(8 January): 1, 10, 12, 13.
Anderson, G. C. (1990). "Genome Project Spawns New Research on Ethics." The Scientist(22 January): 20.
Anderson, G. C. and P. Coles (1990). "United States Still Angry." Nature 344(26 April): 801.
Anderson, N. (1986). Informational Forum on the Human Genome, Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Anderson, N. (1990). Phone conversation. September. I. Large Scale Biology.
Anderson, N. G. and N. L. Anderson (1985). "A Policy and Program for Biotechnology." Am Biotech. Lab. Sept/Oct: 1-3.
Anderson, N. G. and N. L. Anderson (1986). Program for Large-Scale Analysis of Nucleotide Sequences (PLANS), Proteus Technologies.
Anderson, W. F., R. M. Blaese, et al. (1990). "The ADA Human Gene Therapy Clinical Protocol." Hum Gene Ther. 1(Fall): 331-362.
Andrews, L. B. (1990). DNA Testing, Banking, and Individual Rights. Genetic Screening. From Newborns to DNA Typing. B. M. Knoppers and C. M. Laberge. New York, Elsevier: 217-242.
Andrews, L. B. (1990). "The Gene Prophets." Vogue(January): 198, 199, 241.
Angier, N. (1990). "Vast, 15-Year Effort to Decipher Genes Stirs Opposition." New York Times(5 June): C1, C12.
Annas, G. (1991). "Ethics Committees." Hastings Center Report(May/June): 20.
Annas, G. J. and M. A. Grodin (1992). The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code: Human Rights in Human Experimentation. New York, Oxford University Press.
Anonymous (1988). "Fear Stalks American Science." New Scientist(18 February): 34.
Anonymous (1989). Strategic Plan: Mission Statement, Genome Data Base.
Anonymous (1990). "GDB Introduced at HGM 10.5." GDB Forum 1(No. 2, Fall): 1,3.
Anonymous (1992). "Gone Private." National Journal(25 July): 1747.
Anonymous (1992). "People: Washington's Movers and Shakers." National Journal(25 July): 1747.
Ansorge, W. (1989). Interview. May. C. S. H. L. Genome Mapping and Sequencing Symposium.
Appenzeller, T. (1990). "Democratizing the DNA Sequence." Science 247(2 March): 1030-1032.
Asch, A. (1986). "Real Moral Dilemmas." Christianity and Crisis 46(#10, 14 July): 237-240.
Asch, A. (1988). Reproductive Technology and Disability. Reproductive Laws for the 1990s. S. Cohen and N. Taub. Clifton, NJ, Humana Press.
ASM News (1992). "Human Genome Advisors Reassess Progress, Scold NIH Patenting Efforts." ASM News 58(No. 3, March): 129-130.
Association of Biotechnology Companies (1992). ABC Statement on NIH Patent Filing for the Human Genome Project, Association of Biotechnology Companies, Washington, DC.
Association of Biotechnology Companies (1992). Letter to President George Bush, Association of Biotechnology Companies, Washington, DC.
Astrue, M. J. (1992). Letter to the Honorable Harry F. Manbeck, Jr., Patent and Trademark Office, US Department of Commerce, General Counsel, Department of Health and Human Services.
Avery, O. T., C. M. MacLeod, et al. (1944). "Induction of Transformation by a Desoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type III." J. Exp. Med. 79(1 February): 137-158.
Avner, P. (1991). "Sweet Mice, Sugar Daddies." Nature 351(13 June): 519-520.
Baltimore, D. (1987). "Genome Sequencing: A Small-Scale Approach." Iss. Sci. Tech. 3: 48-50.
Baltimore, D. (1988). Keynote address. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Annual meeting.
Baltimore, D. (1988). "'A Project Justified by Its Public Relations Value'." The Scientist(7 March): 12.
Balzer, H. (1992). Conversation following his return from Moscow, Russian Area Studies Program, Georgetown University.
Balzer, H. D. (1989). Soviet Science on the Edge of Reform. Boulder, CO, Westview Press.
Bankowski, Z. and A. M. Capron, Eds. (1991). Genetics, Ethics, and Human Values: Human Genome Mapping, Genetic Screening, and Gene Therapy. Proceedings of the XXIVth CIOMS Conference, Tokyo and Inuyama City, Japan, 22-27 July 1990. Geneva, CIOMS.
Barinaga, M. (1987). "Critics Denounce First Genome Map as Premature." Nature 329(15 October): 571.
Barinaga, M. (1988). "Mathematics and Molecular Biology." Nature 326(24 November): 301.
Barinaga, M. (1991). "And the Winner: Cetus Does Own PCR." Science 251(8 March): 1174.
Barinaga, M. (1991). "Biotech Nightmare: Does Cetus Own PCR?" Science 251(15 February): 739-740.
Barinaga, M. (1991). "Will 'DNA Chip' Speed Genome Initiative?" Science 253(27 September): 1489.
Barker, D., E. Wright, et al. (1987). "Gene for von Recklinghausen Neurofibromatosis Is in the Pericentromeric Region of Chromosome 17." Science 236: 1100-1102.
Barrell, B. (1990). "DNA Sequencing: Present Limitations and Prospects for the Future." FASEB Journal 5(January): 40-45.
Barry, J. (1990). Phone and in-person conversations, Free-lance writer working on profile of James D. Watson.
Barry, J. M. (1991). "Cracking the Code." Washingtonian(February): 63-67, 180-184.
Bayev, A. A. (1988). Interview, First International Workshop on Cooperation for the Human Genome Project, Valencia, Spain.
Bayev, A. A. (1989). Early in the 1930s, Bayev took courses from V. N. Slepkov, whose brother was associated with Bukharin, whom Stalin came to see as a dangerous rival. Graduate students who had studied under Slepkov were rounded up and sent to prison. By such tenuous connections were many lives shattered.
Bayev, A. A. (1989). The Human Genome, A General Overview (Genom Cheloveka, Obshchii Uzgliud), Scientific Council for the State Scientific-Technical Program "Human Genome," Moscow.
Bayev, A. A. (1989). Interview, UNESCO-USSR workshop on the Human Genome Project, Moscow.
Bayev, A. A. (1990). "The Human Genome Project in the USSR." Biomed. Sci. 1: 106-107.
Bayev, A. A. (1990). Interview, UNESCO Workshop on the Human Genome Project, Paris.
Bayev, A. A. (1990). Interview, Englehardt Institute for Molecular Biology, planning meeting for June 1990 international meeting on ethical, legal and social issues related to genome research in Bethesda, MD.
Beam, A. and J. O. C. Hamilton (1987). "A Grand Plan to Map the Gene Code." Business Week(April 27): 116-117.
Beardsley, T. (1986). "Hughes Money Talks Volumes." Nature 323(30 October): 749.
Bearn, A. G. and E. D. Miller (1979). "Archibald Garrod and the Development of the Concept of Inborn Errors of Metabolism." Bull Hist Med 53(Fall): 315-328.
Beatty, J. (1991). Genetics in the Atomic Age: The Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission, 1947-1956. The Expansion of American Biology. K. Benson, Rutgers University Press.
Beauchamp, T. (1986-1991). Kennedy Institute of Ethics Tuesday seminars, electronic mail communications, and conversations, Department of Philosophy, Georgetown University; Beauchamp was on the staff of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research.
Beaudet, A. L. (1990). "Carrier Screening for Cystic Fibrosis." Am J Hum Genet 47: 603-605.
Beckman, A. O. (1985). Letters to Robert L. Sinsheimer, Chancellor, University of California, Santa Cruz, Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation.
Begley, S., S. E. with Katz, et al. (1987). "The Genome Initiative." Newsweek(August 31): 58-60.
Benson, R. H. (1986). "Patent Wars." Bio/Technology 4(December): 1064-1970.
Bentley, D. R. (1996). "Genomic sequence information should be released immediately and freely in the public domain." Science 274: 533-534.
Berg, P. (1990). Note to author, commenting on a meeting of the Committee to Study Decisionmaking, Institute of Medicine, Beckman Center, Irvine California. March. S. University.
Berg, P. and W. Gilbert (1986). Comments taped by C. Thomas Caskey at session on the Human Genome project, symposium on the Molecular Biology of Homo sapiens, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
Berg, P. and L. Lerman (1992). Letter to Dr. Frank Press, President of the National Academy of Sciences, Chairman, NIH Program Advisory Committee on the Human Genome (Berg) and Acting Chairman, DOE Health and Enviornmental Research Advisory Committee (Lerman).
Berg, P. and L. Lerman (1992). Letters to Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Bernadine Healy, Chairman, NIH Program Advisory Committee for the Human Genome; Acting Chairman, DOE Health and Environmental Research Advisory Committee; Co-chairman and Acting Co-chairman, NIH-DOE Joint Subcommittee.
Berg, P. and S. Wolff (1991). Letter to Evan J. Kemp, Chairman, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, NIH/DOE Joint Subcommittee on the Human Genome.
Berns, K. I., E. C. Bond, et al. (1996). Resource Sharing in Biomedical Research. Washington, DC, Insitute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences.
Beyer, W. A., C. Burks, et al. (1983). "Quantitative Comparison of DNA Sequences." Los Alamos Science(Fall): 62-63.
Beyer, W. A., M. L. Stein, et al. (1974). "A Molecular Sequence Metric and Evolutionary Trees." Math Biosci 19: 9-25.
Billings, P. (1990). Genetic Discrimination: An Ongoing Survey, GeneWatch, Council for Responsible Genetics, accompanying 27 June letter to Rep. Hoyer and Sen. Harkin.
Billings, P. (1991). "Beware of Insurers Offering Tests." San Francisco Examiner(11 July): A17.
Bilofsky, H., D. George, et al. (1987). Invited Speakers for a meeting of the Committee on Mapping and Sequencing the Human Genome, Board on Basic Biology, National Academy of Sciences.
Biosystems Reporter (1990). "Wolf Trap Conference Marks Turning Point in Developing Technologies for Sequencing the Human Genome." Biosystems Reporter(#7, February): 1, 6, 7.
Bishop, J. E. and H. Stout (1992). "Gene Scientist to Leave NIH, Form Institute." Wall St. J.(7 July): B1, B4.
Bishop, J. E. and M. Waldholz (1990). Genome: The Story of the Most Astonishing Scientific Adventure of Our Time — The Attempt to Map All the Genes in the Human Body. New York, Simon and Schuster.
Bishop, M. J., M. Ginsburg, et al. (1987). Molecular Sequence Databases. Nucleic Acid and Protein Sequence Analysis: A Practical Approach. M. J. Bishop and C. J. Rawlings. Oxford, UK, IRL Press.
Bishop, M. J. and C. J. Rawlings (1987). Nucleic Acid and Protein Sequence Analysis: A Practical Approach. Oxford, UK, IRL Press.
Bitensky, M. (1986). Sequencing the Human Genome. Santa Fe Workshop, March 3-4, 1986, Santa Fe, NM, Office of Health and Envirnomental Research, US Department of Energy (Published by the University of California under contract W 7405-ENG-36, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM).
Bitensky, M., C. Burks, et al. (1986). Memo to Charles DeLisi, DOE Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Bitensky, M. W. (1986). Letter to Charles DeLisi, Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Bitensky, M. W. (1986). Memo to Los Alamos Planning Group Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Blakeslee, S. (1991). Of Mice and Men, Blazing a Genetic Trail. Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Blanchard, F. (1990). Press statement: The Howard Hughes Medical Institute Awards $1 Million Grant to the Human Genome Organization, Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Bloom, F. E. and M. A. Randolph, Eds. (1990). Funding Health Sciences Research. National Academy of Sciences. Washington, DC, National Academy Press.
Blow, M. (1968). The History of the Atomic Bomb. New York, American Heritage.
Blumenthal, D., N. Causino, et al. (1997). "Academic-industry research relationships in genetics: a field apart." Nature Genetics 16(May): 104-108.
Blundell, T. L., B. L. Sibanda, et al. (1987). "Knowledge-Based Prediction of Protein Structures and the Design of Novel Molecules." Nature 326(26 March): 347-352.
Bodmer, W. (1979). Molecular and Genetic Organization: The Future. Human Genetics: Possibilities and Realities, Excerpta Medica. Ciba Foundation Series 66 (new series): 395-400.
Bodmer, W. (1986). "The 1985 Darwin Lecture: Genetics and Cancer." Biology and Society 3: 108-117.
Bodmer, W. (1986). Genetic Susceptibility to Cancer. Accomplishments in Cancer Research, 1985, General Motors Cancer Research Foundation. J. C. Fortner and J. E. Rhoads, J. B. Lippincott: 198-210.
Bodmer, W. (1988). "Presidential Address 1988, British Association for the Advancement of Science, Genes and Atoms for Health and Prosperity." Science and the Public(September/October): 3-8.
Bodmer, W. (1990). "Social and Political Implications of the Mapping of the Human Genome." Science in Parliament 47(April): 87-93.
Bodmer, W. (1992). "Genome Research in Europe." Science 256(24 April): 480-481.
Bodmer, W. F. (1981). "The William Allan Memorial Award Address: Gene Clusters, Genome Organization, and Complex Phenotypes. When the Sequence Is Known, What Will It Mean?" Am. J. Hum. Genet. 33: 664-682.
Bodmer, W. F. (1986). "Human Genetics: The Molecular Challenge." CSH Symp. Quant. Biol. 51: 1-13.
Bodmer, W. F. (1986). "Two Cheers for Genome Sequencing." The Scientist(October 20): 11-12.
Bodmer, W. F. (1987). The Human Genome Sequence and the Analysis of Multifactorial Traits. 1987 Molecular Approaches to Human Polygenic Disease. Chichester, Wiley. Ciba Foundation Symposium 130: 215-228.
Bodmer, W. F., C. J. Bailey, et al. (1987). "Localization of the Gene for Familial Adenomtous Polyposis in Chromosome 5." Nature 328: 614-616.
Bodmer, W. F. and L. L. Cavalli-Sforza (1976). Genetics, Evolution, and Man. San Francisco, W. H. Freeman.
Boffey, P. M. (1986). Rapid Advances Point to the Mapping of All Human Genes. The Debate: Would Accelerated Project Distort Usual Methods of Biology? New York Times. New York City: Science Times, C1ff.
Boffey, P. M. (1987). Medical Institute Shaken in Furor Over Its President. New York Times. New York City: Science Times, C1 and C3.
Bostock, J. (1988). Interview, Office of Management and Budget, New Executive Office Building, 8th floor.
Bostock, J. (1989). Interview, Office of Management and Budget, New Executive Office Building, 8th floor.
Botstein, D. (1987). Implications for Basic Research, National Institutes of Health.
Botstein, D. (1987). Interview, Genentech.
Botstein, D. (1988). Interview, Genentech.
Botstein, D. (1990). Interview, Genentech Headquarters, South San Francisco.
Botstein, D. (1991). Electronic mail note, Stanford University.
Botstein, D. and P. Berg (1986). Comments taped by C. Thomas Caskey at session on Human Genome Project, at the symposium on the molecular biology of Homo sapiens, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
Botstein, D. and G. R. Fink (1988). "Yeast: An Experimental Organism for Modern Biology." Science 240(10 June): 1439-1443.
Botstein, D., R. L. White, et al. (1980). "Construction of a Genetic Linkage Map in Man Using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms." Am J. Hum. Genet. 32: 314-331.
landmark paper on RFLP mapping in man.
Bourke, F. A. (1992). Letter to Bernadine P. Healy, Director, NIH.
Bowcock, A. and L. L. Cavalli-Sforza (1991). "The Study of Variation in the Human Genome." Genomics 11(October): 491-498.
Bowcock, A. M., J. R. Kidd, et al. (1991). "Drift, Admixture, and Selection in Human Evolution: A Study with DNA Polymorphisms." Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci (USA) 88: 839-843.
Bowie, J. U., R. Lüthy, et al. (1991). "A Method to Identify Protein Sequences That Fold into a Known Three-Dimensional Structure." Science 253(12 July): 164-170.
Bradbury, W. (1970). Genius on the Prowl. Life: 57-66.
Brady, D. (1990). "Breaking the Code." McLean's(27 August): 44-45.
Braibant, G. (1988). Sciences de la Vie, De l'Éthique au Droit, Étude du Conseil d'État, Government of France, Paris.
Brandt, J., K. Quaid, et al. (1989). "Presymptomatic Diagnosis of Delayed-Onset Disease with Linked DNA Markers." JAMA 261(2 June): 3108-3114.
Breitner, J. C. S., M. F. Folstein, et al. (1986). "Familial Aggregation in Alzheimer Dementia — I. A Model for the Age-Dependent Expression of an Autosomal Dominant Gene." J Psychiat Res 20: 31-43.
Breitner, J. C. S., E. A. Murphy, et al. (1986). "Familial Aggregation in Alzheimer Dementia — II. Clinical Genetic Implications of Age-Dependent Onset." J Psychiat Res 20: 45-55.
Brenner, S. (1973). "Genetics of Behavior." Brit. Med. Bull. 29: 269-271.
Brenner, S. (1974). "Genetics of Caenorhabditis elegans." Genetics 77(1): 71-94.
Brenner, S. (1986). Map of Man, Commission of the European Communities.
Brenner, S. (1988). Foreword. The Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. W. B. Wood. Cold Spring Harbor, NY, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory: ix-xiii.
Brock, D. W. (1987). "Truth or Consequences: The Role of Philosophers in Policy-Making." Ethics 97(July): 786-791.
Brown, D. and M. Gladwell (1992). "Nobel Prize Biologist Watson Plans to Resign US Position." Wash Post(9 April): A3.
Brown, D. D. (1991). "Views of the Genome Project (letter)." Science 251(22 February): 854-855.
Brown, G. E. (1986). "Working Together, Benefiting All." Congressional Record(31 July): E 2668-2669.
Brown, P. (1992). "A Wellcome Injection of Cash." New Scientist 135(No. 1832, 1 August): 12-13.
Brown, P. and D. Concar (1991). "Where Does the Genome Project Go from Here?" New Sci 131(17 August): 13-14.
Brown, S. and R. Woodbury (1989). "Battle for the Future." Time(16 January): 42-43.
Brown, S. D. (1982). Translator's Introduction. The Diary of Kido Takayoshi. Sidney DeVere Brown and Akiko Hirota. Tokyo, University of Tokyo Press. I: 1968-1971: xvi-xxi.
Buck v. Bell (1927). "274 U. S. 200." S. Ct. 47: 584.
Buddecke, M. (1990). Phone interview, New Mexico State Capitol.
Budget tables for NIGMS genetics program (1992). By this reasoning, $25 million, or just over 10 percent of the NIGMS genetics program, moved away with the genome center. Some unknown fraction of the science supported by the genome center would likely have been supported by NIGMS, but certainly not all. It seems likely that some would instead have gone for study of gene regulation, recombination, and other basic genetics.
Budget tables for NIGMS genetics program (1992). The year NIH first had a special genome budget, the Genetics Program Branch at NIGMS saw a budget increase from $188.9 million (1987) to $213.8 million (1988). In 1989, when the genome project left NIGMS, the Genetics Program Branch budget went down to $209.6 million, and it dropped again to $207.8 million in 1990, before rebounding to $218.3 million in 1991 and an estimated $229.5 million in 1992. During these same years, the NIH genome budgets were: $17.2 million (1988, within NIGMS); $28.2 million (1989); $59.5 million (1990); $87.4 million (1991); and $104.9 million (1992 estimate). The 1993 increase was even larger than shown, as the GenBank contract amount of roughly $4 million was tranferred to the National Library of Medicine.
Bulger, R. J. (1991). "How the Genome Project Could Destroy Health Insurance." Washington Post, Outlook(4 August): C4.
Burke, D. T., G. F. Carle, et al. (1987). "Cloning of Large Segments of of Exogenous DNA into Yeast Artificial-Chromosome Vectors." Science 236: 806-808.
Burks, C. (1989). The Flow of Nucleotide Sequence Data into Data Banks: Role and Impact of Large-Scale Sequencing Projects, Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Burks, C., M. J. Cinkosky, et al. (1989). GenBank: Current Status and Future Directions, Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Burner, S. T., D. R. Waldo, et al. (1992). "National Health Expenditures Projections through 2030." Health Care Fin Rev 14(No. 2, Fall): 1-29.
Burrill, G. S. and K. Lee, B. (1991). Biotech 92: Promise to Reality, Ernst & Young, Associates, San Francisco.
Burris, J. (1986). Draft Minutes of 3 March meeting, Board Room, NAS Building, Washington, DC, Board on Basic Biology.
Burris, J. (1986). Minutes of Board on Basic Biology Meeting, 5 and 6 August, 1986, National Research Council, Commission on Life Sciences, Board on Basic Biology.
Burris, J. (1991). Electronic mail note to the author, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. The check arrived from the McDonnell Foundation two days after the project was approved by the NAS Governing Board.
Burris, J. and F. Walton (1986). Mapping/Sequencing the Human Genome, National Research Council, Commission on Life Sciences, Board on Basic Biology.
Burris, J. E. (1986). Memo regarding 5 August Woods Hole meeting, Board On Basic Biology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council.
Burris, J. E. (1986). Proposal: Mapping and Sequencing the Human Genome, National Research Council, Commission on Life Sciences, Board on Basic Biology.
Bush, A., D. Greenlaw, et al. (1987-1990). Phone and personal interviews, Office of Pete Domenici, US Senate.
Bush, G. (1990). Text of Remarks by the President at the Annual Meeting of the National Academy of Sciences, Office of the Press Secretary, the White House.
Bush, V. (1945). Science — The Endless Frontier, Office of Scientific Research and Development.
Bush, V. (1970). Pieces of the Action. New York, Morrow.
By these same proportionate estimates " Italy’s contribution was 29 percent that of the US, the UK’s 66 percent, the USSR’s 78 percent (at official exchange rates, but only 5 percent at unofficial Fall 1990 “black market” rates). Those without specific genome programs could not be calculated. US figures are for the NIH and DOE programs. Japanese figures include the Monbusho, STA, and Department of Health programs, but not agricultural or related MITI programs. The UK figure is for the combined MRC-ICRF program, and Italy’s includes only the Ministry of Science figures. GNP figures for these calculations are taken from the 1990 World Almanac (NY: Pharos Books) and The Statesman’s Yearbook, 1989-1990 (NY: St Martin’s). Unofficial conversion rates for Rubles taken from black market rate, Leningrad and Moscow, June 1989. My estimates for Japan's funding are higher than those of the Department of State ($3.5 million), which did not account for differences in budgeting practices for personnel and space. My calculations assumed that 40 percent of US research budgets covered salaries and other expenses not included in the European and Japanese budget items. Genome budget estimates for 1990 are taken from various references that follow."
Byrnes, M. (1990). Phone conversation, National Commission on AIDS, referring to period when Dr. Byrnes was staff to Senator Lowell Weicker, Committee on Appropriations, US Senate.
C. W. C. (1877). "Engineering Education In Japan." Nature(17 May): 44-45.
Cahill, G. (1988). Interview, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, MD.
Cahill, G. (1991). Letter to the author, Dartmouth College.
Cahill, G. F. (1986). Memo to Donald Fredrickson, Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Cahill, G. F. and D. R. Hinton (1989). "Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Its Role in Genomic Activities." Genomics 5: 952-954.
Cairns, J., G. Stent, et al., Eds. (1966). Phage and the Origins of Molecular Biology. Cold Spring Harbor, NY, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
Cameron, G., P. Kahn, et al. (1989). "Journals and Databanks." Nature 342(21/28 December): 848.
Cann, R. M., M. Stoneking, et al. (1987). "Mitochondrial DNA and Human Evolution." Nature 325: 31-36.
Cantor, C. (1990). Memorandum to HUGO-Americas Ad Hoc Mapping Committee, Human Genome Center, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
Cantor, C. (1991). Interview, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
Cantor, C. (1991). Phone interview, Phone interview.
Cantor, C. R. (1990). "HUGO Physical Mapping." Nature 345(10 May): 106.
Capron, A., E. Pellegrino, et al. (1990). Letters to Senator Tom Harkin and Steny Hoyer, Biomedical Ethics Advisory Committee.
Capron, A. M. (1983-1993). Conversations connected with Office of Technology Assessment activities, Institute of Medicine activities, the Biomedical Ethics Advisory Committee, and other events, University of Southern California; Capron was consultant to the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research and the Ethics Advisory Board (Department of Health, Education and Welfare); Executive Director of the President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research; and chair of the Biomedical Ethics Advisory Committee.
Capron, A. M. (1991). "Human Genome Research in an Interdependent World." Ken Inst Eth J 1(September): 247-251.
Capron, A. M., M. Lappe, et al., Eds. (1979). Genetic Counseling: Facts, Values, and Norms. New York, Alan R. Liss.
Carlson, E. A. (1991). "Defining the Gene: An Evolving Concept." Am J Hum Genet 49: 475-487.
Carrano, A. V. and E. W. Branscomb (1986). Letter to Mark Bitensky, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
Caskey, C. T. (1990). Introduction of Kary B. Mullis, DNA Sequencing II, Hilton Head Hyatt Regency.
Caskey, C. T., M. M. Kaback, et al. (1990). "The American Society of Human Genetics Statement on Cystic Fibrosis Screening." Am. J. Hum. Genet. 46: 393.
Caspersson, T., C. Lomakka, et al. (1970). "Fluorescent Banding." Hereditas 67: 89-102.
Caspersson, T., L. Zech, et al. (1970). "Differential Banding of Alkylating Fluorochromes in Human Chromosomes." 60: 315-319.
Caspersson, T., L. Zech, et al. (1971). "Quinocrine Mustard Fluorescent Banding." 30: 215-227.
Caspersson, T. O. (1989). "The William Allan Memorial Award Address: The Background for the Development of the Chromosome Banding Technique." Am J Hum Genet 44(#4, April): 441-451.
Cavalieri, L. (1987). "Gene Sequencing: No Easy Answers." The Scientist 1(No. 5, 26 January): 13.
Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (1990). "Opinion: How Can One Study Individual Variation for 3 Billion Nucleotides of the Human Genome?" Am J. Hum Genet 46: 649-651.
Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., A. Piazza, et al. (1992). Epilogue. History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press.
Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., A. Piazza, et al. (1988). "Reconstruction of Human Evolution: Bringing Together Genetic, Archaeological, and Linguistic Data." PNAS 85(August): 6002-6006.
Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., A. C. Wilson, et al. (1991). "Call for a Worldwide Survey of Human Genetic Diversity: A Vanishing Opportunity for the Human Genome Project." Genomics 11(October): 490-491.
Cavenee, W. K., M. F. Hansen, et al. (1985). "Genetic Origin of Mutations Predisposing to Retinoblastoma." Science 228: 501-503.
Cawthon, R. M., R. Weiss, et al. (1990). "A Major Segment of the Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Gene: cDNA Sequence, Genomic Structure, and Point Mutations." Cell 62(13 July): 193-201.
Chaitin, G. J. (1987). Conclusion. Algorithmic Information Theory. New York, Cambridge University Press: 160-161.
Chakraborty, R. and K. Kidd (1991). "The Utility of DNA Typing in Forensic Work." Science 254: 1735-1739.
Chang, J. C. and Y. W. Kan (1982). "A Sensitive New Prenatal Test for Sickle Cell Anemia." N Engl J Med 307: 30-32.
first use of Mst II to directly cut HbS gene at mutation site. Generates 1.1 kb frag with HbS, 1.3 kb with HbA
Chapman, M. A. (1990). "Predictive Testing for Adult-Onset Genetic Disease: Ethical and Legal Implications of the Use of Linkage Analysis for Huntington Disease." Am J Hum Genet 47: 1-3.
Charles, D. (1988). "Labs Struggle to Promote Spin-Offs." Science 240(13 May): 874-876.
Charles, D. and A. Coghlan (1992). "Ministers Move to Limit Genome Patents." New Sci(14 March): 9.
Cherfas, J. (1988). "A Guide to Being Human." New Scientist(25 February): 30-31.
Chijiya, M. (1990). Interview at 2-2-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100, Director, Life Sciences, Science and Technology Agency (kangaku jijutsu-cho), R&D Bureau.
Childress, J. F. (1991). Human Fetal Tissue Transplantation Research. Biomedical Politics. K. E. Hanna. Washington, DC, National Academy Press: 215-248.
Childs, B. (1970). "Sir Archibald Garrod's Conceptions of Chemical Individuality: A Modern Appreciation." N Engl J Med 282(#2, 8 January): 71-77.
Chiles, L., E. Kennedy, et al. (1988). "S. 1966, Biotechnology Competitiveness Act of 1988." Congressional Record(17 June): S 8061-8074, S 8097-8101, D781.
Chiles, L. and R. Snell (1988). Joint interview, Room 250, Russell Senate Office Building.
Choppin, P. (1991). Foreword, Blazing a Genetic Trail. Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Chumakov, I., P. Rigault, et al. (1992). "Continuum of Overlapping Clones Spanning the Entire Human Chromosome 21q." Nature 359(1 October): 380-387.
Church, G., A. Efstradiatis, et al. (1987). Invited speakers to the Committee on Mapping and Sequencing the Human Genome, Board on Basic Biology, National Academy of Sciences.
Cimons, M. (1992). "A Straight Shooter Energizes Troubled NIH." LA Times(14 April): E1, E2.
Ciotti, P. (1985). "Fighting Disease on the Molecular Front." LA Times Magazine(20 October): 18-19, 38, 50, 56.
Cleeton, D. L., V. T. Goepfrich, et al. (1992). "What Does the Consumer Price Index for Prescription Drugs Really Measure?" Health Care Fin Rev 13(No. 3, Spring): 45-51.
Clift, E. (1992). "Body Politics." Working Woman(September): cover, 60-63, 98-99, 106, 108.
Code of Federal Regulations (1989). Part 46 — Protection of Human Subjects, revised as of March 8, 1983, reprinted July 31, 1989, Code of Federal Regulations, Title 45; available through the Office of Protection from Research Risks, National Institutes of Health.
Coghlan, A. (1992). "US Gene Plan 'Makes a Mockery of Patents'." New Sci(22 February): 16.
Cohen, S. and H. Boyer (1976). US Patent 4,237,224, Stanford University and University of California, San Francisco.
Collected papers and letters (1986). From March 1986 Santa Fe Workshop. G. Department of Energy Headquarters, MD.
Collins, F. S. (1990). Speech at the first of two conferences organized by J. Robert Nelson and others "Genetics, Religion, and Ethics: Implications of the Human Genome Project for Medicine, Theology, Ethics, and Policy, MD Anderson Cancer Research Center.
Collins, F. S. (1991). "Medical and Ethical Consequences of the Human Genome Project." J Clin Eth 2(Winter): 260-267.
Collins, F. S. (1993). Note to author, National Center for Human Genome Research, NIH.
Collins, J. F. and A. F. W. Coulson (1987). Molecular Sequence Comparison and Alignment. Nucleic Acid and Protein Sequence Analysis: A Practical Approach. M. J. Bishop and C. J. Rawlings. Washington, DC, IRL Press: 343-350.
Comer, D. B. (1992). Letter to Michael J. Astrue, General Counsel, Department of Health and Human Services, Patent and Trademark Office, US Department of Commerce.
Comings, D. E. (1986). Letter to Mark Bitensky, City of Hope National Medical Center.
Commission of Inquiry into Human Fertilisation and Embryology (1984). Report, Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
Commission of the European Communities (1988). Proposal for a Council Decision Adopting a Specific Research Programme in the Field of Health: Predictive Medicine: Human Genome Analysis (1989-1991), Commission of the European Communities.
Commission of the European Communities (1989). Modified Proposal for a Council Decision, Adopting a Specific Research and Technological Development Programme in the Field of Health — Human Genome Analysis: (1990-1991), Commission of the European Communities.
Committee for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism (1975). Genetic Screening: Programs, Principles, and Research, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences.
Committee on Computer-Assisted Modeling (1987). Computer-Assisted Modeling. Contributions of Computational Approaches to Elucidating Macromolecular Structure and Function, Board On Basic Biology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences.
Committee on DNA Technology in Forensic Science (1992). DNA Technology in Forensic Science, Board on Biology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council.
Committee on Japan (1991). Intellectual Property Rights and US-Japan Competition in Biotechnology: Report of a Workshop, Office of Japan Affairs, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences.
Committee on Japan (1992). US-Japan Technology Linkages in Biotechnology: Challenges for the 1990s, Office of Japan Affairs, Office of International Affairs, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences. Chapter 1 and table 2, yielding an estimate of 24 percent.
Committee on Models for Biomedical Research (1985). Models for Biomedical Research, National Academy of Sciences.
Committee on Policies for Allocating Health Sciences Research Funds (1990). Funding Health Sciences Research. A Strategy to Restore Balance, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy Press.
Compton, A. H. (1956). Atomic Quest: A Personal Narrative. New York, Oxford University Press.
Concar, D. (1992). "French Find Short Cut to Map of Human Genome." New Scientist(23 May): 5.
Constantinidis, J., G. Garrone, et al. (1965). "L'incidence familiale des alterations neurofibrillaires corticales d'Alzheimer." Psychiat Neurol 150: 235-247.
Consultants to the Advisory Committee to the Director (1988). Report of the Human Fetal Tissue Transplantation Research Panel, Vol. 1, National Institutes of Health.
Consultants to the Advisory Committee to the Director (1988). Report of the Human Fetal Tissue Transplantation Research Panel, Vol. 2, National Institutes of Health.
Consumer Reports (1990). "The Telltale Gene." Consumer Reports(July): 483-488.
Cook, R. H., S. A. Schneck, et al. (1981). "Twins with Alzheimer's Disease." Arch Neurol 38(May): 300-301.
Cook-Deegan (1989). "The Alta Summit, December 1984." Genomics 5: 661-663.
Cook-Deegan, R. (1986). Notes from Informational Forum on the Human Genome, Building 31, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Cook-Deegan, R. (1986). Personal notes from meeting, National Institutes of Health.
Cook-Deegan, R. M. (1986). Memo on possible OTA project, Office of Technology Assessment.
Cook-Deegan, R. M. (1991). The Genesis of the Human Genome Project. Molecular Genetic Medicine, Vol. 1. T. Friedmann. San Diego, Academic Press. 1: 1-75.
Cook-Deegan, R. M. (1991). The Human Genome Project: Formation of Federal Policies in the United States, 1986-1990. Biomedical Politics. K. Hanna. Washington, DC, National Academy Press: 99-168.
Cook-Deegan, R. M. (1992). The Gene Wars: Science, Politics and the Human Genome. New York, WW Norton.
Cook-Deegan, R. M. (1994). Survey of Genome Research Companies. Washington, DC, Office of Technology Assessment.
Cook-Deegan, R. M., M. Guyer, et al. (1990). "The Large DNA Insert Cloning Workshop." Genomics 7(August): 654-660; based on Olson's summary on p. 655.
Cook-Deegan, R. M., J. C. Venter, et al. (1990). DNA Sequencing Conference, II, Hyatt Regency Hotel, Hilton Head, SC. Unpublished meeting summary.
Cook-Deegan, R. M., J. C. Venter, et al. (1990). The Human Genome and the Pharmaceutical Industry, Unpublished report of a conference on Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, 30 September 1990.
Cooper, S. G. (1991). note to author. 22 January. C. S. H. L. Communications Office director.
Coulson, A., J. Sulston, et al. (1986). "Toward a Physical Map of the Genome of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans." Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 83(October): 7821-7825.
Coulson, A., R. Waterston, et al. (1988). "Genome Linking with Yeast Artificial Chromosomes." Nature 335(8 September): 184-186.
Council for Aeronautics Electronics and Other Advanced Technologies (1988). Comprehensive Strategy for Promoting R&D on Human Genome Analysis, Science and Technology Agency, Government of Japan.
Council for Responsible Genetics (1990). Position Paper on the Human Genome Initiative, Council for Responsible Genetics.
Council of the European Communities (1990). "Council Decision Adopting a Specific Research and Technological Development Programme in the Field of Health: Human Genome Analysis (1990 to 1991) (90/395/EEC)." (L 196, 26 July): 8-14.
Counts, C. L. (1987). "Human Genome Sequencing (letter)." Science 236(26 June): 1613.
Courteau, J. (1991). "Genome Databases." Science 254(11 October): 201-207.
Coutelle, C. (1989). Interview at meeting of UNESCO Director General's Scientific Coordination Committee on Human Genome Research, UNESCO Headquarters, Paris.
Coutelle, C. (1990). Interview at meeting of UNESCO Director General's Scientific Coordination Committee on Human Genome Research, UNESCO Headquarters, Paris.
Coutelle, C. (1990). Interview at meeting of UNESCO Director General's Scientific Coordination Committee on Human Genome Research, Englehardt Institute for Molecular Biology, Moscow.
Cowan, R. S. (1992). Genetic Technology and Reproductive Choice: An Ethics for Autonomy. The Code of Codes: Scientific and Social Issues in the Human Genome Project. D. J. Kevles and L. Hood. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press: 244-263.
Crawford, M. (1987). "Document Links NSF Official to Biotech Firm." Science 238: 742.
Crawford, M. (1987). "Wyngaarden to Chair Biotech Council." Science 238(11 December): 1504-1505.
Crawford, R. (1990). "Under the Microscope: Japan's Lackluster Effort to Contribute to the Human Genome Project." Far East. Econ. Rev. 149(No. 36, 6 September): 82.
Crawford, R. (1991). "Gene Mapping Japan's Number One Crop." Science 252(21 June): 1611.
Crick, F. (1974). "The Double Helix: A Personal View." Nature 248(26 April): 766-769.
Crick, F. (1988). What Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery. New York, Basic Books. Same quote also found in "The Double Helix: A Personal View," Nature 248 (April 26): 766-771, 1974; reprinted in James D. Watson, The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA, Gunter S. Stent, Ed., Norton Critical Edition, W. W. Norton, 1980.
Crow, J. F. (1990). "R. A. Fisher, A Centennial View." Genetics 124(February): 207-211.
Crow, J. F. and W. F. Dove (1988). "Anecdotal, Historical, and Critical Commentaries on Genetics: A Diamond Anniversary: The First Chromosome Map." Genetics 118(January): 1-3.
Culliton, B. J. (1985). "Watson Fights Back." Science 228(12 April): 160.
Culliton, B. J. (1987). "Fredrickson's Bitter End at Hughes." Science 236(12 June): 1417-1418.
Culliton, B. J. (1987). "Hughes Settles with IRS." Science 235: 1318.
Culliton, B. J. (1989). "GM, Hughes Settle Stock Fight." Science 245(10 March): 1283.
Culliton, B. J. (1989). "NIH: The Good Old Days." Science 244(23 June): 1437.
Culliton, B. J. (1990). "Mapping Terra Incognita (Humani Corporis)." Science 250(12 October): 210-212.
Culliton, B. J. and R. Pool (1991). "Presidential Address Sets the Tone." Nature 349(21 February): 642.
Cunningham, G. C. (1990). Balancing the Individual's Rights to Privacy Against the Need for Information to Protect and Advance Public Health. Genetic Screening. From Newborns to DNA Typing. B. M. Knoppers and C. M. Laberge. New York, Elsevier: 205-215.
Curien, H. (1991). "The Human Genome Project and Patents." Science 254: 1710.
Curtis, D. and C. Coles (1989). The Gene Machine, Innovation, WNET.
Darwin, C. (1958). The Origin of Species. New York, Mentor.
Data Management for Physical Mapping (1988). Report of a Workshop, May 12-13, 1988, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health; Office of Health and Environmental Research, Department of Energy; and Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Dausset, J., H. Cann, et al. (1990). "Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH): Collaborative Genetic Mapping of the Human Genome." Genomics 6(#3, March): 575-577.
Davies, K. (1989). "The Search for the Cystic Fibrosis Gene." New Scientist(21 October): 54-58.
Davies, K. E., P. L. Pearson, et al. (1983). "Linkage Analysis of Two Cloned Sequences Flanking the Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Locus on the Short Arm of the Human X Chromosome." Nuc Acids Res. 11: 2302-2312.
Davis, B. (1990). Testimony before the Senate Subcommittee on Energy Research and Development, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, US Senate.
Davis, B. (1990). Watson Doesn't Use Gentle Persuasion to Enlist Japanese and German Support for Genome Effort. Wall Street Journal. New York: A12.
Davis, B. D. (1990). "Human Genome Project: Is 'Big Science' Bad for Biology? Yes, It Bureaucratizes, Politicizes Research." The Scientist 4(#22, 12 November): 13,15.
Davis, B. D. and Colleagues (1990). "The Human Genome and Other Initiatives." Science 249(27 July): 342-343.
Davis, M. and P. Hoben (1988). Phone and personal conversations, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Health, Department of Health and Human Services.
Davis, R. (1987). Interview, Stanford University.
Davison, D. (1990). Bitnet communication, Stanford University.
Dayhoff, M. O. and R. V. Eck (1966). Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure. Silver Spring, MD, National Biomedical Research Foundation.
Dean, M. (1988). "Molecular and Genetic Analysis of Cystic Fibrosis." Genomics 3: 93-99.
Decker, J. F. (1987). Letter to James Wyngaarden, Office of Energy Research, Department of Energy.
del Guercio, G. (1987). "Designer Genes." Boston(August): 79-87.
Delehanty, J., R. L. White, et al. (1986). "Approaches to Determining Mutation Rates in Human DNA." Mutation Res 167: 215-232.
DeLisi, C. (1985). Note to David Smith, Office of Health and Environmental Research, US Department of Energy.
DeLisi, C. (1985). Note to David Smith, Office of Health and Environmental Research, US Department of Energy.
DeLisi, C. (1986). Interview.
DeLisi, C. (1986). Letter to Mark W. Bitensky, Department of Energy.
DeLisi, C. (1986). Memo to Alvin Trivelpiece, Office of Health and Environmental Research, Department of Energy.
DeLisi, C. (1986). Second memo to Alvin Trivelpiece, Office of Health and Environmental Research, Department of Energy.
DeLisi, C. (1987). Interview.
DeLisi, C. (1987-1988). "various meetings and phone conversations."
DeLisi, C. (1988). "Computers in Molecular Biology: Current Applications and Emerging Trends." Science 240(1 April): 47-52.
DeLisi, C. (1988). "The Human Genome Project." Am. Sci. 76: 488-493.
DeLisi, C. (1990). Conversation before a Senate Hearing, Dirksen Senate Office Building, US Senate.
DeLisi, C. (1990). "DeLisi left DOE employ 1 September 1987, two years after joining it, to chair a department of mathematical biology at Mt. Sinai Medical Center in New York City. He left that post in January 1990 to become Dean at the College of Engineering, Boston University."
DeLisi, C. (1990). Letter commemorating retirement of Akiyoshi Wada, Boston University.
DeLisi, C. (1990). Letter to author.
DeLisi, C. (1990). Letter to author.
DeLisi, C. (1991). Interview, Boston University School of Engineering; interview in Senator Pete Domenici's office, Dirksen Senate Office Building.
DeLisi, C. (1991). Letter to author.
Desruisseaux, P. (1987). Hughes Will Spend Extra $500-Million on Grants to Science Over Next 10 Years. Chronicle of Higher Education.
Devlin, B., N. Risch, et al. (1993). "Statistical Evaluation of DNA Fingerprinting: A Critique of the NRC's Report." Science 259(5 February): 748-749; 837.
Dickman, S. and P. Aldhous (1991). "Helping Europe Compete in Human Genome Research." Nature 350(28 March): 261.
Dickson, D. (1988). "Europe Seeks a Strategy for Biology." 1988 Science(6 May): 710-712.
Dickson, D. (1988). "Focus on the Genome." Science 240(6 May): 711.
Dickson, D. (1989). "Britain Launches Genome Program." Science 245(31 March): 1657.
Dickson, D. (1989). "France Introduces Bioethics Law." Science 243(10 March): 1284.
Dickson, D. (1989). "Genome Project Gets Rough Ride in Europe." Science 243(3 February): 599.
Dickson, D. (1989). "Unesco Seeks a Role in Genome Projects." Science 243(17 March): 1431-1432.
Dickson, D. (1989). "Watson Floats a Plan to Carve Up the Genome." Science 244(5 May): 521-522.
Dickson, D. (1993). "Britain Plans Broad Strategy on Genome, Approves Therapy." Nature 361(4 February): 387.
Dickson, D. and A. Abbott (1993). "Cambridge and Heidelberg Compete for New European Gene Database." Nature 361(4 February): 383.
Dietrich, W., H. Katz, et al. (1992). "A Genetic Map of the Mouse Suitable for Typing Intraspecific Crosses." Genetics 131(June): 423-447.
DNA Sequencing Conference, I. (1990). Hilton Head, SC, Laboratory on Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, NINDS.
DOE initial cost estimates (1986). "The DOE-OMB agreement is dated 18 December 1986. DeLisi had briefed OMB in July and got a preliminary go-ahead signal on 5 September. DeLisi thus cut his deal some time before HERAC reported. Indeed, he reported to the HERAC subcommittee at its meeting on 6 and 7 November (in Denver) that he had reprogrammed several millions of dollars in fiscal year 1987 and expected a $20 million annual budget two years hence. While they did not influence the initial DOE plans, the HERAC subcommittee’s budget figures were to figure in the larger budget debate that developed later."
Domenici, P. (1987). "S. 1480." Congressional Record(10 July): S 9706-9720.
Domenici, P. (1989). "The Government-Industry-University Link." Roll Call(10-16 July): 3.
Domestic Policy Council (1987). Subcommittee on Characterization of Complex Genomes, list of questions to be asked of agencies, White House.
Donahue, R. P., W. B. Bias, et al. (1968). "Probable Assignment of the Duffy Blood Group Locus to Chromosome 1 in Man." PNAS 61: 949-955.
Donis-Keller, H. (1988). Interview, Collaborative Research, Inc.
Donis-Keller, H. (1991). Telephone interview, Washington University, Saint Louis.
Donis-Keller, H., P. Green, et al. (1987). "A Genetic Linkage Map of the Human Genome." Cell 51(October): 319-337.
Doolittle, F., J. Friesen, et al. (1989). Mapping and Sequencing the Human Genome: A Program for Canada.
Doolittle, R. (1987). Of URFs and ORFs: A Primer on How to Analyze Derived Amino Acid Sequences. Mill Valley, CA, University Science Books.
Doolittle, R. F., D. F. Feng, et al. (1986). "Relationships of Human Protein Sequences to Those of Other Organisms." CSH Symp Quant Biol 51: 447-455.
Doolittle, R. F., M. W. Hunkapiller, et al. (1983). "Simian Sarcoma virus onc gene, v-sis, Is Derived from the Gene (or Genes) Encoding a Platelet-Derived Growth Factor." Science 221: 275-277.
Dorfman, P. (1983). "The Rifkin Resolution: Less Than Meets the Eye." Gen Eng News(July-August): 4, 12.
Dorit, R. L., L. Schoenbach, et al. (1990). "How Big is the Universe of Exons?" Science 250(7 December): 1377-1382.
Dorozynski, A. (1991). "Privacy Rules Blindside French Glaucoma Effort." Science 252(19 April): 369-3700.
Dorozynski, A. (1992). "Gene Mapping the Industrial Way." Science 256(24 April): 463.
Downward, J., Y. Yarden, et al. (1984). "Close Similarity of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and v-erb-B oncogene protein sequences." Nature 307: 521-527.
Drmanac, R., Z. Strezoska, et al. (1990). Towards Genomic DNA Sequencing Chip Based on Oligonucleotide Hybridization, Cold Spring Harbor meeting on Genome Mapping and Sequencing.
Dulbecco, R. (1986). "A Turning Point in Cancer Research: Sequencing the Human Genome." Science 231: 1055-1056.
Dulbecco, R. (1987). Interview. January. S. Institute.
Dulbecco, R. (1987). A Turning Point in Cancer Research: Sequencing the Human Genome. Viruses and Human Cancer, Alan R. Liss: 1-14.
Dulbecco, R. (1990). Interview, Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA.
Dulbecco, R. (1990). "The Italian Genome Program." Genomics 7(June): 294-297.
Dulbecco, R. (1991). Letter, Salk Institute.
Dupree, A. H. (1985). Science and the Federal Government. Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University Press.
Duster, T. (1990). Backdoor to Eugenics. New York, Routledge.
Dyer, H. (1904). "Education and National Efficiency in Japan." Nature(15 December): 151-152.
Eckholm, E. (1992). "A Tough Case for Dr. Healy." NYT Magazine(1 December): 67, 118, 122,124, 126.
Eckstrand, I. and J. Greenberg (1989). Meeting at Westwood Building, Bethesda, MD, National Institute of General Medical Sciences.
Eckstrand, I. A. (1987). Memo to Kirschstein on Meeting of the OHER subcommittee on the Human Genome, 5-6 February, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health.
Economic and Social Committee (1988). Opinion of the Economic and Social Committee on the Proposal for a Council Decision Adopting a Specific Research Programme in the Field of Health: Predictive Medicine: Human Genome Analysis (1989-1991) (COM(88) 424 final — SYN 146), Commission of the European Communities.
Edgar, R. and H. Noller (1984). Human Genome Institute: A Position Paper, Biology Board of Studies, University of California at Santa Cruz.
Edgar, R. S. (1985). Letter to Walter Gilbert, University of California, Santa Cruz.
Editorial (1988). "Why Sequence the Human Genome?" Nature 331(11 February): 465.
Editorial (1991). "Ethical Problems to Merit the Name." Nature 352(1 August): 359-360.
Editorial (1991). "Ethics and the Human Genome." Nature 351(20 June): 591.
Editorial (1992). "Gene Patents." Nature 359(1 October): 348.
Editorial (John Maddox) (1991). "Free Trade in Human Sequence Data?" Nature 354(21 November): 171-172.
Editorial (John Maddox) (1992). "Genetics and the Public Interest." Nature 356(2 April): 365-366.
Editorial (John Maddox) (1992). "Genome Propaganda." Nature 357(18 June): 524.
Editorial (John Maddox) (1992). "Healy in a Hurry." Nature 356(16 April): 547-548.
Edman, P. (1950). "A Method for the Determination of the Aminno Acid Sequence in Peptides." Acta Chem Scand 4: 283-293.
Edwards, A., H. Voss, et al. (1990). "Automated DNA Sequencing of the Human HPRT Locus." Genomics 6(April): 593-608.
Edwards, C. Q., B. A. Griffen, et al. (1988). "Prevalence of Hemochromatosis Among 11,065 Presumably Healthy Blood Donors." NEJM 318(21): 1355-1362.
EG&G Biomolecular (1987). Interviews. May. M. Watertown.
Eijgenraam, F. (1992). "Yeast Chromosome III Reveals a Wealth of Unknown Genes." Science 256(8 May): 730.
Eisenberg, R. S. (1990). "Patenting the Human Genome." Emory Law Journal 39: 721-745.
Eisenberg, R. S. (1992). "Genes, Patents, and Product Development." Science 257(14 August): 903-908.
Eisenberg, R. S. (1997). "Structure and function in gene patenting." Nature genetics 15(February): 125-130.
Eisner, R. (1989). Interview, Englehardt Institute of Molecular Biology and long treks through Moscow in search of an open restaurant.
Elmer-DeWitt, P., A. with Dorfman, et al. (1989). "The Perils of Treading in Heredity." Time(March 20): 70-71.
Endo, I., E. Soeda, et al. (1991). "Human Genome Analysis System." Nature 352(4 July): 89-90.
English, W. H. (1942). "Alzheimer's Disease." Psychiat Q 16: 98.
Enquetekommission (Enquete Commission) (1987). Chancen und Risiken der Gentechnologie, Deutcher Bundestag (German Parliament).
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (1991). "Equal Employment Opportunity for Individuals with Disabilities; Final Rule. 29 Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1630. 29 Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 1602 and 1627. Recordkeeping and Reporting Under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and The Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA); Final Rule." Federal Register 56(144, 26 July): 35726-35756.
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (1991). "Equal Employment Opportunity for Individuals with Disabilities; Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 29 CFR 1630." Federal Register Part VI(28 February): 8578-8603.
Erdheim, E. (1987). conversation in staff offices, Rayburn House Office Building, Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Research, and Environment of the Committee on Science, Space and Technology, US House of Representatives.
Erlich, H. A., D. Gelfand, et al. (1991). "Recent Advances in the Polymerase Chain Reaction." Science 252(21 June): 1643-1651.
Erlich, H. A., D. H. Gelfand, et al. (1988). "Specific DNA Amplification." Nature 331(4 February): 461-462.
Essen-Moller, E. (1946). "A Family with Alzheimer's Disease." Acta Neurol Scand 21: 233-244.
Ethical, L., and Social Implications Program, (1991). Grant-Making Status Report, National Center for Human Genome Research, National Institutes of Health.
European Science Foundation (1991). Report on Genome Research 1991, European Science Foundation.
Evangelista, P. (1992). Hoffmann-La Roche Expands Access to PCR Technology for Diagnostic Testing Services — Move Expected to Continue toccelerate Pace of PCR Development, Roche Diagnostics Group, Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., Nutley, NJ.
Evangelista, P., J. Grace, et al. (1991). Hoffmann-La Roche Acquisition of PCR Technology Completed. Roche and Perkin-Elmer Form Strategic Alliance, Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc.
Faden, R. R. and T. L. Beauchamp (1986). A History and Theory of Informed Consent. New York, Oxford University Press.
FDC Reports (1988). "Biotech Competitiveness Act Draws Administration Opposition in Subcommittee Hearing on National Policy Commission; Industry Groups Endorse Senate Bill." The Pink Sheet(18 July): 12.
FDC Reports (1988). "Biotechnology Act Draws Administration Opposition in Congressional Hearing; Industry Endorses." The Blue Sheet(20 July): 6.
FDC Reports (1988). "Human Genome Project: Interagency Task Force." The Pink Sheet(16 May): 7.
FDC Reports (1992). "Sen. Hatfield Foregoes Gene Patenting Moratorium Proposal After Kennedy, Deconcini Agree to Hearings; HHS, White House, PTO Opposed to Amendment." FDC Reports(6 April): 14.
FDC Reports, T. B. S. (1992). "Senator Hatfield Foregoes Gene Patenting Moratorium Proposal After Kennedy, DeConcini [sic] Agree to Hearings: HHS, White House, PTO Opposed Amendment." FDC Reports, the Blue Sheet(6 April): 14.
Feldman, R. G., K. A. Chandler, et al. (1963). "Familial Alzheimer's Disease." Neurol 13: 811-824.
Ferguson-Smith, M. A. (1991). "European Approach to the Human Gene Project." FASEB J 5(January): 61-65.
Ferrell, J. (1991). "'Office Ladies' Aid Research." Nature 353(12 September): 99.
Fetrow, J. S., M. H. Zehfus, et al. (1988). "Protein Folding: New Twists." Bio/Technology 6(No. 2, February): 167-171.
Fifth Conference on Bioethics of the Seven Highly Industrialized Nations (1988). International Conference on Bioethics. The Genome Mapping and Sequencing: Ethical Issues, Rome, Italy.
Fine, M. J. (1991). "Coping with Consequences of Genetic Testing." Phila Inq(3 July): 1A-14A.
Fink, L. (1990). "Human Genome Office Attains Center Status." NIH Record 42(9 January): 1,4.
Fink, L. (1990). NCHGR Bioethics Program Addresses Social and Ethical Implications of Knowledge about Human Genes, National Center for Human Genome Research, NIH.
Fitch, W. M. and E. Margoliash (1967). "Construction of Phylogenetic Trees." Science 155: 279-284.
Flander, J. (1992). "Trouble-Shooter: Dr. Bernadine Healy Takes Washington by Storm." Sunday(17 May): 10-11, 39-41.
Fletcher, J. C. (1986). Memo to Ruth Kirschstein, Director, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, Magnuson Clinical Center, NIH.
Flugel, F. E. (1929). "Zur Diagnostik der Alzheimerschen Krankheit." Ges Psych 120: 783-787.
Fogle (1992). "Rest, Relaxation, and RFLPs." J NIH Res 4(January): 66-71.
Foote, S., D. Vollrath, et al. (1992). "The Human Y Chromosome: Overlapping DNA Clones Spanning the Euchromatic Region." Science 258(2 October): 60-66.
foreign commissions The British Warnock Report touched on genetics in several of its recommendations. The German Benda Commission proposed a broad set of laws to cover gene therapy, embryo research, and genetic technologies. This was followed a few years later by a report from the Enquete Commission of the German Parliament, and ultimately led to new German statutes governing scientific research. The French government considered a report on ethics and the life sciences, and produced legislation to protect human subjects of research. The Glover Report to the European Commission included a section on handicaps that discussed the role of genetic testing. A January 1990 genome conference in Paris devoted a session to discussion of eugenics, and scientists’ responsibilities in genome research. Santiago Grisolia’s second conference in Valencia was entirely devoted to discussion of the social implications of genome research. And finally, the Council of Europe's Ad Hoc Committee of Experts on Bioethics (CAHBI) worked towards reports on the use of genetic testing and screening in medicine and on DNA testing in the criminal justice system.
Foundation for American Communications (1989). The New Genetics and the Right to Privacy, Foundation for American Communications.
Foundation on Economic Trends (1983). The Theological Letter Concerning the Moral Arguments Against Genetic Engineering of the Human Germline Cells. Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Bio-Ethical Issues. C. Levine. Guilford, CT, Dushkin Publishing, 1984: 276-280.
Foundation on Economic Trends (1988). Human Genome Fact Sheet, Press statement.
Foundation on Economic Trends (1989). Disability Rights Leaders from Across the Country, Jeremy Rifkin, and the Foundation on Economic Trend [sic] Challenge First Human Genetic Experiment at NIH Meeting January 30, 1989, Foundation on Economic Trends press statement.
Fowlston, B. J. (1988). "Biotechnology Patents in Europe." Bio/Technology 6(August): 911-913.
Fox, J. L. (1987). "Contemplating the Human Genome." BioSci. 37(July/August): 457-460.
Fox, J. L. (1988). "$200 Million a Year for Human Genome." Bio/Technology 6(April): 370.
Fox, J. L. (1988). "Critics Converge on Genome Project." Bio/Technology 6(June): 643.
Fox, J. L. (1988). "Watson to Head Genome Efforts." Bio/Technology 6(November): 1274.
Fox, M. (1989). Dinner with Evelyn Fox Keller and Diane Paul, Boston.
Fox, P. (1989). "From Senility to Alzheimer's Disease: The Rise of the Alzheimer's Disease Movement." Milbank Quart 67(No. 1): 58-102.
Fredrickson, D. S. (1985). Letter to Robert L. Sinsheimer, Chancellor, University of California, Santa Cruz, Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Fredrickson, D. S. (1987). "Challenge of Change in Biology." Nature 329(22 October): 686-687.
Fredrickson, D. S. (1991). Asilomar and Recombinant DNA: The End of the Beginning. Biomedical Politics. K. E. Hanna. Washington, DC, National Academy Press: 258-298.
Friede, R. L. and K. R. Magee (1962). "Alzheimer's Disease." Neurol. 12: 213-222.
Frieden, J. (1991). "Genetic Testing: What Will It Mean for Health Insurance?" Business and Health(March): 40-46.
Friend, S. H., R. Bernards, et al. (1986). "A Human DNA Segment with Properties of the Gene That Predisposes to Retinoblastoma and Osteosarcoma." Nature 323(16 October): 643-646.
Frye v. United States (1923). 293 F. 1013, District of Columbia Circuit Court.
Fuchs, V. R. (1990). "The Health Sector's Share of the Gross National Product." Science 247(2 February): 534-538.
Fujimura, B. K. (1988). Biotechnology in Japan, International Trade Administration, US Department of Commerce.
Fujiyama, A. (1990). Interview, Englehardt Institute for Molecular Biology, Moscow.
Gage, L. P. (1988). Human Genome Mapping and Sequencing: Why We Should Do It — Now!, Annual meeting, Industrial Biotechnology Association, Charles Hotel, Cambridge, MA.
Galas, D. (1990). Statement before the Subcommittee on Energy Research and Development, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, US Senate.
Gall, J. G. (1986). "Human Genome Sequencing." Science 233(26 September): 1367-1368.
Gallagher, H. G. (1990). By Trust Betrayed: Patients, Physicians, and the License to Kill in the Third Reich. New York, Henry Holt.
Gamow, G. (1954). "Possible Relation between Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Protein Structures." Nature 173(13 February): 318. I thank Maynard Olson for pointing out this reference.
Garrod, A. E. (1909). Inborn Errors of Metabolism. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Genetics Study Conference (1984). Report, Hiroshima: Radiation Effects Research Foundation.
Genome Patent Working Group (1992). Intellectual Property Protection and Genome Research: Background Information for a Public Meeting, Committee on Life Sciences, Federal Coordinating Coucil for Science, Engineering and Technology, Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President.
Genome Research in an Interdependent World (1991). Workshop, Building 38A, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
Gershon, D. (1990). "Cetus Battles with DuPont." Nature 343(25 January): 301.
Gershon, D. (1991). "Is Cetus Selling the Family Silver?" Nature 352(1 August): 364.
Gibbons, A. (1991). "Systematics Goes Molecular." Science 251(22 February): 872-874.
Gibbons, A. (1992). "Mitochondrial Eve: Wounded, but Not Dead Yet." Science 257(14 August): 873-875.
Gilbert, W. (1978). "Why Genes in Pieces?" Nature 271: 501.
Gilbert, W. (1985). Letter to Robert Edgar, River Associates, Inc.
Gilbert, W. (1986). Comments taped by C. Thomas Caskey at session on the Human Genome project, symposium on the Molecular Biology of Homo sapiens, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
Gilbert, W. (1986). "Two Cheers for Human Genome Sequencing." The Scientist(October 20): 11.
Gilbert, W. (1987). "Genome Sequencing: Creating a New Biology for the Twenty-First Century." Iss. Sci. Tech. 3: 26-35.
Gilbert, W. (1988). Interview. 11 November. H. U. Biological Laboratories.
Gilbert, W. (1988). Watson 60th Birthday Tape, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories.
Gilbert, W. (1991). "Towards a Paradigm Shift in Biology." Nature 349(10 January): 99.
Gilbert, W., M. Capecchi, et al. (1988). 60th Birthday Videotape. Taken at "James D. Watson: Celebrating 60 Years" symposium, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
Gilbert, W. and A. Maxam (1973). "The Nucleotide Sequence of the lac operator." Proc Nat Acad Sci 70(12): 3581-3584.
Gilbert, W., A. Maxam, et al. (1976). Contacts between the lac repressor and DNA Revealed by Methylation. Ninth Alfred Benzon Symposium, Copenhagen: Control of Ribosome Synthesis. N. O. Kjeldgaard and O. Maaloe. New York, Academic Press. : 139-143 and discussion 144ff.
Gilbert, W. and B. Muller-Hill (1966). "Isolation of the Lac Repressor." Proc Nat Acad Sci 56: 1891-1898.
Gilbert, W. and J. D. Watson (1989). Conversations at Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Moscow.
Gillespie, R. D. (1933). "Discussion on the Mental and Physical Symptoms of the Presenile Dementias." Proc Roy Soc Med 26: 1080-1084.
Gillis, A. M. (1992). "The Patent Question of the Year." BioScience 42(No. 5, May): 336-339.
Gladwell, M. (1992). "Biologist Watson Quits Position at NIH." Washington Post(11 April): A9.
Gladwell, M. (1992). "Clarifying Patent Law for Genes." Wash Post(23 September).
Gladwell, M. (1992). "New Face for Science." Washington Post Magazine(21 June): 8-13, 23-25.
Glover, J. (1989). Fertility and the Family: The Glover Report on New Reproductive Technologies. London, Fourth Estate.
Goad, W. B. (1979). Proposal to Establish a National Center for Collection and Computer Storage and Analysis of Nucleic Acid Sequences, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory.
Goad, W. B. (1982). Acquisition, Integration and Analysis of Molecular Genetic Information: A Workshop, Aspen Center for Physics.
Goad, W. B. (1983). "GenBank." Los Alamos Science(Fall): 52-61.
Goad, W. B. (1983). Terminal Progress Report: Workshop on Computational Analysis of DNA Sequences, Aspen Center for Physics, August 30-September 19, 1982, Biotechnology Resources Program, Division of Research Resources, Conference Grant 1 R RR01628-1.
Goad, W. B. (1987). "Sequence Analysis. Contributions by Ulam to Molecular Genetics." Los Alamos Science Special Issue(No. 15): 288-291. Republished in "From Cardinals to Chaos: Reflections on the LIfe and Legacy of Stanislaw Ulam" (NY: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
Goad, W. B. (1988). "GenBank—A Retrospective." News From GenBank 1(No. 3): 1-2.
Goate, A. M., M.-C. Chartier-Harlin, et al. (1991). "Segregation of a Missense Mutation in the Amyloid Precursor Protein Gene with Familial Alzheimer's Disease." Nature 349(21 February): 704-706.
Goate, A. M., A. R. Haynes, et al. (1989). "Predisposing Locus for Alzheimer's Disease on Chromosome 21." Lancet I for 1989(18 February): 352-355.
Second report of chrm 21q21 assoc with FAD, 4 families
Gocayne, J., D. A. Robinson, et al. (1987). "Primary Structure of Rat Cardiac Beta-Adrenergic and Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptors Obtained by Automated DNA Sequence Analysis: Further Evidence for a Multigene Family." Proc Nat Acad Sci 84(December): 8296-8300.
Gödel, K. (1930). Some Metamathematical Results on Completeness and Consistency. From Frege to Gödel. A Source Book in Mathematical Logic, 1879-1931. J. van Heijenoort. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1967: 595-596.
Gödel, K. (1931). On Completeness and Consistency. From Frege to Gödel. A Source Book in Mathematical Logic, 1879-1931. J. van Heijenoort. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1967: 616-617.
Gödel, K. (1931). On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems I. From Frege to Gödel. A Source Book in Mathematical Logic, 1879-1931. J. van Heijenoort. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1967: 596-616.
Goodfellow, P. (1992). "Variation is Now the Theme." Nature 359(29 October): 777-778.
Goodman, H. M., M. V. Olson, et al. (1977). "Nucleotide Sequence of a Mutant Eukaryotic Gene: The Yeast Tyrosine-Inserting Ochre Suppressor SUP4-o." PNAS 74(December): 5453-5457.
Of 8 tRNA-tyr genes in S. cerevisiae, found 8 dif restr frags. Sup4-o (ochre suppressor mutant) linked to one of these variants. Sup4 gene and two other tRNA-tyr genes cloned. Used RFLP fragments for cloning (in lambda), hybridized to find tRNA-tyr genes, then M-G sequenced from Xma I site at 3' end of gene; recloned in pBR 322, which has no Xma sites, and thus was used for sequencing. Sequenced approx 20 bp to 5' end, through 150 bp gene (incl 14-bp intron), and 40-60 bp 3' to gene. Found GC to AT mutation in Sup4-o at position 37 in tRNA that was wobble position in anticodon. Also found 14 bp intron in all 3 genes, just 3' to anticodon triplet in all 3, but terminology 'intron' not yet used (although did cite Roberts and Sharp papers, and Tilghman in press). Basically, used RFLP to localize, and tool to isolate gene for sequencing.
Gore, A. (1992). "Statement on proposed Hatfield amendment to HR 2407." Cong. Rec. 138(No. 49, 2 April): S4726-S4727.
Gostin, L. (1990). Genetic Discrimination: The Use of Genetically Based Diagnostic and Prognostic Tests by Employers and Insurers, American Society of Law and Medicine.
Gottesman, M. E. (1992). Press Statement, National Institutes of Health, Building 1, First floor conference room.
Government of Italy (1988). Sequencing the Human Genome, Ethical and Social Issues, Government of Italy organized conference of Economic Summit nations and the European Commission.
Grady, D. (1987). "The Ticking of A Time Bomb in the Genes." Discover(June): 26-37.
Graham, L. R. (1974). Science and Philosophy in the Soviet Union. New York, Vintage.
Gray, R. M. (undated). Note on conversation with Lesley Russell, National Institutes of Health.
Greely, H. T. (1992). Health Insurance, Employment Discrimination, and the Genetics Revolution. The Code of Codes. D. J. Kevles and L. Hood. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press: 264-280.
Green, E. D. and M. V. Olson (1990). "Chromosomal Region of the Cystic Fibrosis Gene in Yeast Artificial Chromosomes: A Model for Human Genome Mapping." Science 250(5 October): 94-98.
Green, R. (1990). "Tinkering with the Secrets of Life." Health 22(January): 46-50, 53, 84, 86.
Greenberg, D. (1990). "Q&A with James Watson, Genome Project Chief." Science & Government Report 20(#5, 15 March): 1-5.
Greenberg, D. S. (1991). "Programs and Plans Discussed by New NIH Director." Science and Government Report(1 May): 3-5.
Grisolia, S. (1982). Recollections, University of Kansas Medical Center, College of Health Sciences and Hospital.
Grisolia, S. (1989). "Mapping the Human Genome." Hastings Center Report(July/August): 18-19.
Grisolia, S. (1991). "UNESCO Program for the Human Genome Project." Genomics 9(February): 404-405.
Grodzicker, T., J. Williams, et al. (1974). "Physical Mapping of Temperature-Sensitive Mutants of Adenoviruses." CSH Symp. Quant. Biol. 39(Tumor Viruses): 439-446.
Gros, F. (1992). The Gene Civilization. New York, McGraw-Hill. Translated by Lee F. Scanlon from La Civilisation du géne, Hachette, Paris, 1989.
Gruskin, K. D. and T. F. Smith (1987). "Molecular Genetics and Computer Analyses." CABIOS 3(No. 3): 167-170.
GTA Note 244 (1989). UK Human Gene Mapping Project, Government of the United Kingdom.
Gusella, J. F., N. S. Wexler, et al. (1983). "A Polymorphic DNA Marker Genetically Linked to Huntington’s Disease." Nature 306: 234-238.
Guston, D. H. (1986). Notes from "Informational Forum on the Human Genome" Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Guston, D. H. (1990). Congress and the History of Science: The Allison Commission, 1884-1886, American Political Science Association Annual Meeting, San Francisco.
Guyer, R. L. and D. E. Koshland (1989). "The Molecule of the Year." Science 246(22 December): 1543-1544.
Haerlin, B. (1988). Conversation on National Institutes of Health campus, Bethesda, MD.
Hall, M. (1988 and 1989). Phone interviews, Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education and Related Agencies, Committee on Appropriations, US Senate.
Hall, S. S. (1987). Invisible Frontiers: The Race to Synthesize a Human Gene. New York, Atlantic Monthly Press; paperback Tempus Press.
Hall, S. S. (1988). "Genesis: The Sequel." California(July 1988): 62-69.
Hall, S. S. (1990). "James Watson and the Search for Biology's 'Holy Grail'." Smithsonian 20(February): 40-49.
Hamilton, D. P. (1990). "House Prunes Genome Budget." Science 249(10 August): 622-623.
Hamilton, D. P. (1991). "HUGO to Get a New Director — And a Mission?" Science 254(4 October): 19.
Hamilton, D. P. (1992). "Venter to Leave NIH for Greener Pastures." Science 257(10 July): 151.
Hammond, A. (1988). "$3 Billion Gene Map." Sci Impact Let 1(March): 1 and 8.
Hanna, K. (1992). Biomedical Politics, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences.
Harrelson, W. (1991). Commentary. Biomedical Politics. K. E. Hanna. Washington, DC, National Academy Press: 255-257.
Harvey, P. (1988). S-S-S-S-S-SH, It's Genetic, Paul Harvey News.
Haseltine, W. A. (1998). Life by Design; Gene-Mapping, Without Tax Money. New York Times. New York, NY: OpEd.
Hastings Center, I. o. S., Ethics and the Life Sciences (1972). "Ethical and Social Issues in Screening for Genetic Disease." N Engl J Med 286: 1129-1132.
Hastings Center, I. o. S., Ethics and the Life Sciences (1979). "Guidelines for the Ethical, Social and Legal Issues in Prenatal Diagnosis." N Engl J Med 300: 168-172.
Hatfield, M. (1992). "Statement on an amendment to the NIH authorization bill (HR 2507), proposed and withdrawn." Congressional Record 138(No. 49, 2 April): S4719-S4720, S4723-S4724.
Hatfield, M. O. (1983). "Genetic Engineering." Congressional Record 129, No. 82(10 June): S8202-8205.
Hayes, C. V. (1992). "Genetic Testing for Huntington's Disease — A Family Issue." N Engl J Med 327(12 November): 1449-1451.
Health and Environmental Research Advisory Committee (1987). Report on the Human Genome Initiative, Office of Energy Research, US Department of Energy.
Health and Welfare program Akira Ooya was the principal scientist for the Ministry of Health and Welfare program, which was budgeted for ¥460 in 1991. Of this amount, ¥100 million ($740,000) supported a cell line repository and the bulk of the remainder was for scientific grants [Matsubara, 1992 #1086].
Healy, B. (1988). "Innovators for the 21st Century: Will We Face a Crisis in Biomedical Research Brainpower?" N Engl J Med 319(20 October): 1058-1064.
Healy, B. (1992). Interview, Building 1, Room 126 (Director's Office, National Institutes of Health).
Healy, B. (1992). Letter to Gerald J. Mossinghoff, J.D., President, Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, Director, National Institutes of Health.
Healy, B. (1992). "On Patenting Genes." N Engl J Med 327(No. 9, 27 August): 664-668.
Healy, B. (1992). Press statement, National Institutes of Health, Building 1, first floor conference room.
Healy, B. (1992). Statement of Bernadine Healy, National Institutes of Health.
Healy, B. (1992). Testimony by Bernadine Healy, M.D., Director, National Institutes of Health, before the Subcommittee on Patents, Copyrights, and Trademarks, Senate Judiciary Committee.
Healy, B. (1993). Statement announcing her intention to resign by 30 June, released at a press conference, National Institutes of Health.
Healy, B. and G. A. Keyworth (1985). "The NIH and Numbers: A Vital Concern's Concern." N Engl J Med 312(30 May): 1450-1452.
Healy, B. P. (1988). "Tour of Duty: A Medical Academic in the White House." Harv. Med. Alum. Bull. 61(Spring): 49-53.
Hedetniemi, J. N. (1992). Letter and budget table sent to the author in response to letter requesting information on NIGMS Genetics Branch and GenBank funding 1987-1993, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health.
Heller, M. A. and R. S. Eisenberg (1998). "Can Patents Deter Innovation? The Anticommons in Biomedical Research." Science 280(1 May): 698-701.
Henig, R. M. (1989). "High-Tech Fortunetelling." New York Times Magazine(24 December): 20, 22.
Herman, R. (1992). "The Great Gene Gold Rush." Washington Post Health 8(No. 24, 16 June): 11-16.
Hersey, J. (1985). Hiroshima. New York, Vintage.
Heston, L. L., D. L. W. Lowther, et al. (1966). "Alzheimer's Disease." Arch. Neurol. 15: 225-233.
Hewick, R. M., M. W. Hunkapiller, et al. (1981). "A gas-liquid solid phase peptide and protein sequenator." J Biol Chem 256: 7990-7997.
Hewitt, M. and N. A. Holtzman (1988). The Commercial Devaelopment of Tests for Human Genetic Disorders, Office of Technology Assessment, US Congress.
Hilts, P. J. (1992). "Head of Gene Map Threatens to Quit." New York Times(9 April): A26.
Hinton, D., P. Pearson, et al. (1990-1991). Conversations Fall 1990 through Summary 1991, Howard Hughes Medical Institute (DH), Johns Hopkins University (PP), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (JDW) and National Center for Human Genome Research (JDW).
Holden, C. (1987). "The Genetics of Personality." Science 237(7 August): 598-601.
Holden, C. (1991). "New Genome Centers." Science 251(15 February): 742-3.
Holley, R. W., J. Agpar, et al. (1965). "Structure of Ribonucleic Acid." Science 147: 1462-1465.
Holley, R. W., G. A. Everett, et al. (1965). "Nucleotide Sequences in the Yeast Alanine Transfer Ribonucleic Acid." J Biol Chem 240: 2122-2128.
Holtzman, N. A. (1989). Proceed with Caution. Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University Press.
Holzman, D. (1987). "Mapping the Genes, Inside and Out." Insight(May 11): 52-54.
Hood, L. and L. Smith (1987). "Genome Sequencing: How to Proceed." Iss. Sci. Tech. 3: 36-46.
Hood, L. E. (1988). "Biotechnology and Medicine of the Future." J. Am Med Assoc 259(25 March): 1837-1844.
Hood, L. E. (1990). "Human Genome Project: Is 'Big Science' Bad for Biology? No: An Anyway, the HGP Isn't Big Science." The Scientist 4(#22, 12 November): 13,15.
Hood, L. E., M. W. Hunkapiller, et al. (1987). "Automated DNA Sequencing and Analysis of the Human Genome." Genomics 1: 201-212.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute (1983). Thirtieth Anniversary Report, Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute (1987). Annual Report, Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute (1988). Annual Report, Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute (1989). Annual Report, Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Howard, T. and J. Rifkin (1977). Who Should Play God? New York, Dell.
Hoyer, S. (1990). Letter to Alexander Morgan Capron, Biomedical Ethics Advisory Committee, US House of Representatives.
Huang, H. (1991). Telephone interview. 26 March. S. L. Washington University, MO.
Hubbard, R. and N. Wilker (1989). Evaluating the Human Genome Project, Annual Meeting, American Association for the Advancement of Science, San Francisco.
Huggins, M., M. Bloch, et al. (1990). "Ethical and Legal Dilemmas Arising during Preedictive Testing for Adult-Onset Disease: The Experience of Huntington Disease." Am J Hum Genet 47: 4-12.
HUGO Originators (1988). Walter Bodmer (Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London), Sydney Brenner (Medical Research Council, UK), C. Thomas Caskey (Baylor University, USA), Jean Dausset (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphism Humain, Paris), Renato Dulbecco (Salk Institute and Italy), Leroy Hood (Caltech, USA), Kenichi Matsubara (Osaka, Japan), Frank Ruddle (Yale, USA), John Tooze (EMBO), James D. Watson (Cold Spring Harbor, USA), and Harold Zur-Hausen (Germany). letter about founding the Human Genome Organization.
Human Genetics Committee (1990). Position Paper on Genetic Discrimination, Council for Responsible Genetics, accompanying a letter to Rep. Hoyer and Sen. Harkin.
Human Genome Analysis Programme (1992). Announcement of Grants, European Commission.
Human Genome Committee (1991). Position Paper on Patenting of Expressed Sequence Tags, American Society of Human Genetics.
Human Genome Committee and Board of Directors (1991). "The Human Genome Project and Patents." Science 254: 1710-1712.
Human Genome News (1992). "New GDB Remote Node Opens in Australia." Human Genome News 3, No. 6(March): 9.
Human Genome Organization (1992). "HUGO Position Statement on cDNAs: Patents." G-Nome News(Number 9, March 1992): 2-3. The HUGO statement did not "oppose patenting of useful benefits derived from genetic information. HUGO does, however, oppose the patenting of short sequences from randomly isolated portions of genes encoding proteins of unknown function…The filing and approval of genome patents, whether in this particular case or in other types of genome patent cases, must incorporate global perspectives.
It is HUGO's position, therefore, that the US EST patent applications should not be approved. We join the American Society of Human Genetics in supporting this view.
The Human Genome Project is a major scientific area that now depends heavily on international cooperation in order to avoid both costly competition and duplication of effort…it is the entire spectrum of international scientific collaboration that may be jeopardised. HUGO therefore urges a quick resolution to the EST case.
HUGO urges the develpoment of a process that allows for flexible negotiation and also mediation between the potentially conflicting needs of different scientific communities. Scientists, policy-makers and administrators world-wide must work together and accept responsibility for balancing the many competing priorities."
Human Genome Research (1990). Strategies and Priorities, Committee on Genetic Experimentation (COGENE), Internaitonal Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU), European Community (EC), Federation of European Biochemical Societies (FEBS), International Union of Biochemistry (IUB), and the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
Human Genome Workshop (1985). Notes and Conclusions from the Human Genome Workshop, May 24-26, 1985 University of California, Santa Cruz.
Hunkapiller, M. (1991). Interview. 18 March 1991. F. C. Applied Biosystems, CA.
Hunkapiller, M. W. and L. E. Hood (1983). "Protein Sequence Analysis: Automated Microsequencing." Science 219: 650-659.
Hunkapiller, T. (1988). Interview. July. C. I. o. Technology.
Hunkapiller, T., R. J. Kaiser, et al. (1991). "Large-Scale and Automated DNA Sequence Determination." Science 254(4 October): 59-67.
Huntington's Disease Collaborative Research Group, M. E. MacDonald, et al. (1993). "A Novel Gene Containing a Trinucleotide Repeat That Is Expanded and Unstable on Huntington's Disease Chromosomes." Cell 72(26 March): 971-983.
Hurd, S. N. (1990). "Genetic Testing: Your Genes and Your Job." Empl Resp and Rights J 3(No. 4): 239-252.
Huxley, A. (1932). Brave New World. Garden City, NJ, Doubleday, Doran.
II Workshop on International Cooperation for the Human Genome Project (1990). International Conference, Fundación BBV, Fundación Valencianan de Estudios Avanzados.
Ikawa, Y. (1988). Interview, First International Workshop on Cooperation for the Human Genome Project, Valencia, Spain.
Ikawa, Y. (1989). Conversations, Englehardt Institute of Molecular Biology and Hotel Ukraina, Moscow.
Ikawa, Y. (1991). "Human Genome Efforts in Japan." FASEB Journal 5(January): 66-69.
Industrial Biotechnology Association (1987). Results of the IBA Membership Survey on Mapping the Human Genome, Government Relations Committee, IBA.
Industrial Biotechnology Association (1992). IBA Position Paper: Recommended Federal Policy Concerning Human Genetic Sequences Discovered by Federal Researchers, Contractors, and Grantees, Industrial Biotechnology Association, Washington, DC.
Ingram, V. M. (1957). "Gene Mutation in Human Hæmoglobin: The Chemical Difference between Normal and Sickle Cell Hæmoglobin." Nature 180: 326-328.
INSAN (1984). Designer Genes: IQ, Ideology, and Biology, Instituto Analisa Sosial, Selangor, Malaysia.
Institute of Medicine (1984). Responding to Health Needs and Scientific Opportunity: The Organizational Structure of the National Institutes of Health Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences.
Institute of Medicine (1988). A Healthy NIH Intramural Program: Structural Change or Administrative Remedies?, National Academy of Sciences.
Inter-Council Human Genome Advisory Committee (1991). Report to the Granting Councils: Medical Research Council; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council; Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council; and the Secretary to the Advisory Committee, Dr. Lewis Slotin, Medical Research Council.
International Advisory Committee for DNA Sequence Databases (1988). Summary, National Institutes of Health.
Interviews (1988-1991). L. H. J. N. J. a. v. s. m. T. H. O. a. J. M. Hunkapiller (January 1987 and 24 August 1988); Lloyd Smith (January 1987; 2 March and 25 March 1991) and Henry Huang (26 March 1991).
Ismail, S. (1991). Phone interview, Judiciary Committee, US House of Representatives.
Israelsen, N. A. (1992). Letter to James Haight, Office of Technology Transfer, NIH, Knobbe, Martens, Olson & Bear.
Jacob, H. (1970). Muscular Twitchings in Alzheimer's Disease. Alzheimer's Disease. G. E. W. Wolstenholme. London, Churchill: 75-89.
Jaroff, L. (1991). "Science Under Siege: Crisis in the Labs." Time 138(26 August): 45-51.
Jaroff, L., J. M. with Nash, et al. (1989). "The Gene Hunt." Time(March 20): 62-67.
Jasny, B. (1992). "Genome Delight." Science 258(2 October): 11.
Jasny, B. R. (1990). "The Human Genome Map 1990." Science 250(12 October): Pull-out insert.
Jasny, B. R., J.-L. Mandel, et al. (1992). "Genome Maps III." Science 258(2 October): Pull-out insert.
Jeffreys, A. J. (1979). "DNA Sequence Variants in the G-g, A-g, ð, and ß Globin Genes of Man." Cell 18: 1-10.
Jeffreys, A. J. and R. A. Flavell (1977). "A Physical Map of the DNA Regions Flanking the Rabbit Beta-Globin Gene." Cell 12(October): 429-439.
Rabbit liver DNA-EcoRI, Pst I, or KpnI; frags denatured, electrophoresed, blotted, hybridized with beta-blogin cDNA. Determined restrection map, orientation of expression, and estimated only one gene copy/genome by ration of gene DNA to total DNA. One of first uses of physical mapping techniques in mammalian genome.
Jenks, S. (1989). "Gene Map Budget Given a Boost." Med World News(February 13, 1989): 94.
Johannsen, W. (1909). Elemente der Exakten Erblichkeitslehre. Jena, G. Fischer.
Johnstone, B. (1990). "The Human Gene War." Asia Technology(February): 51-53.
Joint Working Group on Ethical, L., and Social Issues (1991). Genetic Discrimination and the Americans with Disabilities Act, Submitted to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
Jones, R. H. (1986). "Is There a Property Interest in Scientific Research Data?" High Technology Law Journal 1: 447-482.
Jonsen, A. (1985-1992). Conversations at Institute of Medicine activities and other events, University of California, San Francisco and then University of Washington, Seattle; Jonsen was a commissioner on both the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research and the President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research.
Jonsen, A. R. (1984). Public Policy and Human Research. Biomedical Ethics Reviews. J. M. Humber and R. T. Almeder. Clifton, NJ, Humana Press: 3-20.
Jordan, B. (1990). Letter to the author, Centre d'immunologie de Marseille-Luminy.
Jordan, B. (1991). Letter, ICRF Laboratories, London.
Jordan, B. R. (1991). "The French Human Genome Program." Genomics 9(March): 562-563.
Jordan, E. (1990). Interview, National Center for Human Genome Research, National Institutes of Health.
Jordan, E. (1990). Reply to Syvanen and Davison postings, BIONET electronic bulletin board, National Center for Human Genome Research, National Institutes of Health.
Josephy, H. (1956). "Discussion Note." J. Neuropathol Exp Neurol 15: 234-235.
Joyce, C. (1987). "Companies Line Up to Claim Rights Over the Genetic Map." New Scientist(20 August): 31.
Joyce, C. (1987). "The Race to Map the Human Genome." New Scientist(5 March): 35-39.
Judson, H. F. (1979). The Eighth Day of Creation: The Makers of the Revolution in Biology. New York, Simon and Schuster.
Judson, H. F. (1987). Mapping the Human Genome: Historical Background Office of Technology Assessment, US Congress.
Juengst, E. T. (1991). Recent Developments and Plans, National Center for Human Genome Research.
Juengst, E. T. and J. D. Watson (1991). "Human Genome Research and the Responsible Use of New Genetic Knowledge." Intern. J Bioeth 2(No. 2): 99-102.
Kan, Y. u. W. and A. M. Dozy (1978). "Polymorphism of DNA sequence adjacent to Human Beta-Globin Structural Gene: Relationship to Sickle Mutation." Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 75: 5631-5635.
Kanehisa, M. (1990). Phone interview, Kyoto University.
Kanigel, R. (1987). "The Genome Project." NY Times Mag.(December 13): 44, 98-101, 106.
Karjala, D. (1992). "A Legal Research Agenda for the Human Genome Initiative." Jurimetrics 32(No. 2, Winter): 121-310. See especially pp. 192-203.
Karlin, S. and V. Brendel (1992). "Chance and Statistical Significance in Protein and DNA Sequence Analysis." Science 257(3 July): 39-49. See especially items referenced in footnote 5.
Karp, W. (1968). Controversy and Conquest. Charles Darwin and the Origin of Species. T. E. o. H. Magazine. New York, American Heritage: 120-135.
Kass, N. (1990). The Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues Concerning the Use of Genetic Tests by Insurers: Toward the Development of Appropriate Public Policy, Program in Law, Ethics, and Health, Johns Hopkins University.
Katz, J. and A. M. Capron (1974). Authority and Capacity of Professional and Public Institutions. 2. Commissions — Congressional and Presidential. Catastrophic Diseases: Who Decides What? A Psychosocial and Legal Analysis of the Problems Posed by Hemodialysis and Organ Transplantation. New York, Russell Sage Foundation: 130-134.
Katz, J. and A. M. Capron (1974). Catastrophic Diseases: Who Decides What?, Russell Sage Foundation.
Katzman, R. (1976). "The Prevalence and Malignancy of Alzheimer's Disease: A Major Killer." Arch Neurol 33: 217-218.
Kaye, H. L. (1992). "Are We the Sum of Our Genes?" Wilson Quart XVI(Spring): 77-84.
Kayton, I. (1982). "Copyright in Living Genetically Engineered Works." George Washington Law Review 50(No. 2): 191-218.
Keith, S. and M. Sarfaty (1988-1990). Personal and phone interviews, Subcommittee on Health, Committee on Labor and Human Resources, US Senate.
Keller, E. F. (1992). Nature, Nurture, and the Human Genome Project. The Code of Codes: Scientific and Social Issues in the Human Genome Project. D. J. Kevles and L. Hood. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press: 281-299.
Kendrew, J. (1990). Note to James D. Watson, The Old Guildhall, Cambridge, UK.
Kenyon, C. J. (1988). "The Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans." Science 240(10 June): 1448-1453.
Kerem, B.-S., J. M. Rommens, et al. (1989). "Identification of the Cystic Fibrosis Gene: Genetic Analysis." Science 245(8 September): 1073-1080.
Kevles, D. (1986). "Unholy Alliance." The Sciences(September-October): 24-30.
Kevles, D. (1992). "Controlling the Genetic Arsenal." Wilson Quart XVI(Spring): 68-76.
Kevles, D. J. (1985). In the Name of Eugenics. Berkeley, CA, University of California Press.
Kevles, D. J. (1992). Out of Eugenics: The Historical Politics of the Human Genome. The Code of Codes: Scientific and Social Issues in the Human Genome Project. D. J. Kevles and L. Hood. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press: 3-36.
Kevles, D. J. and L. Hood (1992). Reflections. The Code of Codes: Scientific and Social Issues in the Human Genome Project. D. J. Kevles and L. Hood. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press: 300-328.
Kevles, D. J. and L. E. Hood, Eds. (1992). The Code of Codes: Scientific and Social Issues in the Human Genome Project. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
Khrapko, K. R., Y. P. Lysov, et al. (1989). "An Oligonucleotide Hybridization Approach to DNA Sequencing." Genomics 256(October): 118-122.
Kido, T. (1982). The Diary of Kido Takayoshi. Volume I: 1868-1871; Volume II: 1871-1874; Volume III: 1874-1877. Sidney DeVere Brown and Akiko Hirota. Tokyo, University of Tokyo Press.
Kikkawa, C. (1925). The Autobiography of Baron Chokichi Kikkawa. Tokyo. Kindly contributed to the author by Akiyoshi Wada, Private publisher.
Kiley, T. D. (1992). "Patents on Random Complementary DNA Fragments?" Science 257(14 August): 915-918.
King, M.-C. (1991). An Application of DNA Sequencing to a Human Rights Problem. Molecular Genetic Medicine, Vol. 1. T. Friedmann. San Diego, CA, Academic Press: 117-131.
King, M.-C. and A. C. Wilson (1975). "Evolution at Two Levels in Humans and Chimpanzees." Science 188(11 April): 107-116.
King, P. (1987-1992). Conversations at meetings of the ELSI working group, Institute of Medicine activities and other events, Georgetown Law School; King was a commissioner on both the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research and the President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research; she then served on the NIH Fetal Tissue Transplantation Research Panel and the NIH-DOE Working Group on Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues, as well as on several Institute of Medicine committees and other panels.
King, P. A. (1991). Commentary. Biomedical Politics. K. E. Hanna. Washington, DC, National Academy Press.
King, P. A. (1991). Ethical and Legal Constraints on Research. Preparing for Science in the 21st Century. D. C. Harrison, M. Osterweis and E. R. Rubin. Washington, DC, Association of Academic Health Centers: 116-125.
Kirschstein, R. L. (1986). Letter to Charles DeLisi, National Institute of General Medical Sciences.
Kirschstein, R. L. (1986). Memo to NIH Director re sequencing the human genome, National Institutes of Health.
Klausner, A. (1988). "Patent Office Reorganizes Biotech Coverage." Bio/Technology 6(April): 368.
Klausner, A. (1989). An Analysis of Strategic Alliances in Biotechnology between US Firms and Those in Europe and Japan.
Kleene, S. C. (1987). Kurt Gödel: April 28, 1906–January 14, 1978. Biographical Memoirs, Vol. 56. N. A. o. S. o. t. U. S. o. America. Washington, DC, National Academy Press.
Knoppers, B. (1989). Human Genetics, Predisposition, and the New Social Contract. International Conference on Bioethics. The Human Genome Sequencing: Ethical Issues. Brescia, Italy, Clas International.
Knoppers, B. (1991). Comments at ELSI Working Group Meeting, National Institutes of Health and Department of Energy working group meeting, Ramada Inn, Bethesda, MD.
Knoppers, B. M. (1991). Human Dignity and Genetic Heritage, Law Reform Commission of Canada, Ottawa.
Knowlton, R. G., O. Cohen-Haguenauer, et al. (1985). "A Polymorphic DNA Marker Linked to Cystic Fibrosis is Located on Chromosome 7." Nature 318(28 November): 381-382.
Knox, R. (1973). "Nobel Winner Calls Nixon's Medical Research Policy 'Lunacy'." Boston Globe(7 March): 67.
Knudson, M. (1991). "Scientists 'Mapping' Genes Urge Ethical Safeguards." Balt. Sun(21 July): A3.
Koenig, M., E. P. Hoffman, et al. (1987). "Complete Cloning of the Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) cDNA and Preliminary Genomic Organization of the DMD Gene in Normal and Affected Individuals." Cell 50(July): 509-517.
Koetzle, T. F. (1989). "Benefits of Databases." Nature 342(9 November): 114.
Kolata, G. (1983). "Huntington's Disease Gene Located." Science 222(25 November): 913-915.
Kolata, G. (1990). "Beginning Scientists Face A Research Fund Drought." New York Times(5 June): C1.
Kolata, G. (1992). "Biologist's Speedy Gene Method Scares Peers but Gains Backer." NY Times(28 July): C1, C10.
Kolata, G. (1992). "Chief Says Panel Backs Courts' Use of a Genetic Test." New York Times CXLI(15 April): A1, A23.
Kolata, G. (1992). "US Panel Seeking Restriction on Use of DNA in Courts." New York Times CXLI(14 April): A1, C7.
Kolata, G. B. (1980). "The 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry." Science 210: 887-889.
Koniarek, J. P. and K. D. Coleman (1988). "Patents and Patent Office Resources in Biotechnology." BioTechniques 6(No. 2): 148-153.
Koppel, T. (1990). Nightline, ABC News.
Korn, D. E. (1987). "Patent and Trade Secret Protection in University-Industry Research Relationships in Biotechnology." Harvard J Legis 24(Winter): 191-238.
Kornberg, A. (1960). "Biologic Synthesis of Deoxyribonucleic Acid." Science 131: 1503-1508.
Kornberg, A. (1980). DNA Replication. New York, W. H. Freeman.
Koshland, D. E. (1989). "The Molecule of the Year." Science 246(22 December): 1541.
Koshland, D. E. (1989). "Sequences and Consequences of the Human Genome." Science 246(13 October): 189.
Kozak, L. (1990). Letter to Senator William Cohen, Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, Maine.
Kravitz, K., M. H. Skolnick, et al. (1979). "Genetic Linkage between Hereditary Hemochromatosis and HLA." Am J Hum Genet 31: 601-619.
Krieger, L. M. (1991). "Cases of Genetic Discrimination on the Rise." San Francisco Examiner(17 March): A1ff.
Krimsky, S. (1982). Genetic Alchemy: The Social History of the Recombinant DNA Controversy. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.
Kuhn, T. S. (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Lambert, R. A. (1992). Petition under 37 CFR 1.103 for Suspension of Action, US Deparment of Health and Human Services.
Lander, E. (1992). DNA Fingerprinting: Science, Law, and the Ultimate Identifier. The Code of Codes: Scientific and Social Issues in the Human Genome Project. D. J. Kevles and L. Hood. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press: 191-210.
Lander, E. S. (1989). "DNA Fingerprinting on Trial." Nature 339(15 June): 501-505.
Lander, E. S. and D. Botstein (1986). "Mapping Complex Genetic Traits in Humans: New Methods Using a Complete RFLP Linkage Map." CSH Symp. on Quant. Biol. 51(Molecular Biology of Homo sapiens): 49-62.
Lander, E. S. and D. Botstein (1987). "Homozygosity Mapping: A Way to Map Recessive Traits in Humans by Studying the DNA of Inbred Children." Science 236: 1567-1570.
Lander, E. S. and M. S. Waterman (1988). "Genomic Mapping by Fingerprinting Random Clones: A Mathematical Analysis." Genomics 2: 231-239.
Landy, P. J. and B. J. Bain (1970). "Alzheimer's Disease in Siblings." Med J Austral 2(#18, 31 October): 832-834.
Larionov, V. (1989). Interviews and conversations, Leningrad (Institute of Cytology, Moskva Hotel, Neva River Boat and strolls during White Nights).
Larionov, V. (1991). Phone conversation, National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Laurence, W. (1959). Men and Atoms: The Discovery, the Uses, and the Future of Atomic Energy. New York, Simon & Schuster.
Lauter, H. (1961). "Genealogische Erhebungen in einer Familie mit Alzheimerschen Krankheit." Archiv Psychiat Ges 202: 126-139.
Lawton, J. R., F. A. Martinez, et al. (1989). Overview of the LiMB Database, Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Lazenby, H. C., K. R. Levit, et al. (1992). "National Health Accounts: Lessons from the US Experience." Health Care Fin Rev 13(No. 4, Summer): 89ff, see esp. p. 95 and Table 1. Drugs accounted for approximately $54.6 billion of $666.2 billion total health expenditures in 1990.
Lee, W.-H., R. Bookstein, et al. (1987). "Human Retinoblastoma Susceptibility Gene: Cloning, Identification, and Sequence." Science 235: 1394-1399.
Leppert, M., M. Dobbs, et al. (1987). "The Gene for Familial Polyposis Coli Maps to the Long Arm of Chromosome 5." Science 238: 1411-1413.
Levine, C. (1984). Postscript: Is Genetic Engineering a Threat to Future Generations? Taking Sides: Clashing Views o Controversial Bio-Ethical Issues. C. Levine. Guilford, CT, Dushkin.
Levinson, R. (1990). Phone interview, Office of Science and Technology Policy, the White House.
Levinson, R. (1991). Interview, Office of Science and Technology Policy, Old Executive Office Building.
Lewin, R. (1986). "'Computer Genome' Is Full of Junk." Science 232(2 May): 527-528.
Lewin, R. (1986). "DNA Databases Are Swamped." Science 232(27 June): 1599.
Lewin, R. (1986). "DNA Sequencing Goes Automatic." Science 233(4 July): 24.
Lewin, R. (1986). "Molecular Biology of Homo sapiens." Science 233(11 July): 157-160.
Lewin, R. (1986). "Proposal to Sequence the Human Genome Stirs Debate." Science 232(27 June): 1598-1600.
Lewin, R. (1986). "Shifting Sentiments Over Sequencing the Human Genome." Science 233(8 August): 620-621.
Lewin, R. (1988). "Chance and Repetition." Science 240(29 April): 603.
Lewin, R. (1989). "Genome Planners Fear Avalanche of Red Tape." Science 244(30 June): 1543.
Lewontin, R. C. (1992). "The Dream of the Human Genome." NY Rev Books(28 May): 31-40.
Lewontin, R. C. and D. L. Hartl (1991). "Population Genetics in Forensic DNA Typing." Science 254: 1745-1750.
Li, F. P. (1992). Draft Recommendations on Predictive Testing for Germ Line p53 Mutations among Health Individuals, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA.
Life Magazine (1962). "The Take-Over Generation: A Red-Hot Hundred." Life(14 September): 4 and foldout.
Life Magazine (1990). "The 100 Most Important Americans of the 20th Century: James D. Watson." Life(Special Issue, Fall): 83.
Lifton, R. J. (1986). The Nazi Doctors. New York, Basic Books.
Lindee, M. S. (1990). Mutation, Radiation and Species Survival: The Genetics Studies of the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University.
Little, M., V. Van Heyningen, et al. (1991). "Dads and Disomy and Disease." Nature 351(20 June): 609-610.
Little, P. (1992). "Mapping the Way Ahead." Nature 359(1 October): 367-368.
Lokken, P. (1990). Conversation, National Center for Human Genome Research, National Institutes of Health.
Long, J. (1988). "NSF to Set Up First Science Centers." C&E News(12 December): 6.
Lowenberg, K. and R. W. Waggoner (1934). "Familial Organic Psychosis (Alzheimer's Type)." Arch Neurol Psychiat 31: 737-754.
Luers, T. (1947). "Uber die familiäre juvenile Form der Alzheimerschen Krankheit mit neruologischen Herderscheinungen." Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 179: 132-179.
Luria, S. E. (1989). "Human Genome Program (letter)." Science 246(17 November): 873.
Maddox, J. (1987). "Brenner Homes in on the Human Genome." Nature 326: 119.
Maddox, J. (1989). "Making Authors Toe the Line." Nature 342(21/28 December): 855.
Maddox, J. (1989). "Making Good Data-Banks Better." Nature 341: 277.
Maddox, J. (1991). "The Case for the Human Genome." Nature 352(4 July): 11-14.
Maddox, J. (1991). "Free Trade in Human Sequence Data?" Nature 354(21 November): 171-172.
Maddox, J. (1992). "Ever-Longer Sequences in Prospect." Nature 357(7 May): 13.
Maddox, J. (1992). "Healy in a Hurry." Nature 356(16 April): 547-548.
Mallove, E. F. (1987). "Databasing DNA: Can Science Meet the Challenge?" Computers in Science 1(Premiere): 40-51.
Mammalian Genetics Study Section (1990). Summary Statement evaluating grant proposal R01 DK 43425-01, National Institutes of Health.
Mandel, J.-L., A. P. Monaco, et al. (1992). "Genome Analysis and